Particulate Mass and Number Emissions from Light-duty Low Emission Gasoline Vehicles

Evaluating the regulated emissions, air toxics, ultrafine particles, and black carbon from SI-PFI and SI-DI vehicles operating on different ethanol and iso-butanol blends

“…High PM emissions for the SI-DI fueled vehicles are expected and have been reported in previous studies [30,31]. Our results are also in agreement with a more recent study of PFI vehicles of model year 2005 and newer, which show PM mass rates of <1 mg/mile over the FTP [32]. Elevated PM mass emissions from SI-DI vehicles can be ascribed to insufficient homogeneous mixture and subsequent fuel evaporation, wall wetting, and a less efficient mixing of air and fuel compared to PFI vehicles, where the fuel is injected and vaporized into the intake ports [33,34].…”

Measurement of Automotive Nonvolatile Particle Number Emissions within the European Legislative Framework: A Review

“…For this analysis, extreme values were not taken into account. The values are based on more than 45 LD diesel vehicles without DPF, 35 with DPF, 40 G-DI vehicles, and 25 G-PFI vehicles (Mohr et al 2003;Ntziachristos et al 2004b;Karlsson 2005;Bosteels et al 2006;Mohr et al 2006;Vogt et al 2006Vogt et al , 2010Andersson et al 2007;Giechaskiel et al 2008a;Giechaskiel et al 2008c;May et al 2008;Braisher et al 2010;Giechaskiel et al 2010b;Zhang et al HD D 5 × 10 13 -2 × 10 14 50-100 1.7-2.1 20-80 5-10 40-75 20-50 0-15 HD D + DPF 5 × 10 10 -2 × 10 12 60-75 1.6-2.0 1-4 0-5 5-20 20-50 5-60 LD D 2 × 10 13 -2 × 10 14 40-80 1.7-1.9 10-40 0-5 55-90 10-40 5-15 LD D + DPF 5 × 10 10 -6 × 10 11 45-75 1.7-2.1 0-2 0-5 0-15 40-75 5-35 LD G-DI lean 2 × 10 12 -2 × 10 13 50-85 1.7-2.1 1-20 0-5 55-80 20-40 0-5 LD G-DI stoich. 1 × 10 12 -8 × 10 12 40-75 1.7-2.0 1-10 0-5 75-90 10-25 0-5 LD G-PFI 2 × 10 10 -6 × 10 11 45-75 1.6-2.2 0-2 0-5 10-25 45-80 10-40…”