Particulate matter and Alzheimer’s disease: an intimate connection

O’Piela, Devin; Durisek, George R; Escobar, Yael-Natalie H; Mackos, Amy R.; Wold, Loren E.

doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2022.06.004

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Importantly, studies have shown that particulate matter can translocate to secondary organs and elicit a systemic effect. Upon inhalation, particulate matter first enters the nasal cavity and can then translocate into the brain through multiple routes, including the olfactory nerve, compromised blood-brain barrier, or damaged nasal epithelium [143]. Chronic insults from inhaled particulate matter have revealed that aging is associated with a decline in the phagocytic capacity of macrophages and accumulation of particulate matter within the lung-associated lymph nodes, ultimately altering the lung-associated lymph nodes' follicular architecture [144].…”

Section: Environmental Toxins and Immune Response In The Lungsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Environmental Toxins: Potential Implications for Stroke Risk via the Gut– and Lung–Brain Axis

Ruggles,

Benakis

2024

Cells

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Recent evidence suggests that exposure to environmental toxins, both short-term and long-term, can increase the risk of developing neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias) and acute brain injury (i.e., stroke). For stroke, the latest systematic analysis revealed that exposure to ambient particulate matter is the second most frequent stroke risk after high blood pressure. However, preclinical and clinical stroke investigations on the deleterious consequences of environmental pollutants are scarce. This review examines recent evidence of how environmental toxins, absorbed along the digestive tract or inhaled through the lungs, affect the host cellular response. We particularly address the consequences of environmental toxins on the immune response and the microbiome at the gut and lung barrier sites. Additionally, this review highlights findings showing the potential contribution of environmental toxins to an increased risk of stroke. A better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying exposure to environmental toxins has the potential to mitigate stroke risk and other neurological disorders.

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Section: Environmental Toxins and Immune Response In The Lungsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Environmental Toxins: Potential Implications for Stroke Risk via the Gut– and Lung–Brain Axis

Ruggles,

Benakis

2024

Cells

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“…PM is one of the most dangerous atmospheric pollutants, with very harmful effects on human health. It causes cardiovascular [6,9], respiratory [10][11][12] and brain diseases [9,13,14], sleep disorders [8], dermal cancer [15], and bone lesions. In addition, PM affects the lymphatic system, causing damage to the spleen [14,16], as well as the digestive system (leading to damage in the liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract) [13,14] and reproductive systems [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Cellulose Air Filters for Capturing Fine and Ultrafine Particles through the Valorization of Banana Cultivation Biomass Waste

Martín-Cruz,

Bordón,

Pulido-Melián

et al. 2024

Environments

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Outdoor and indoor atmospheric pollution is one of the major problems that humanity continues to face. As a mitigation pathway, numerous technologies have been developed for air purification, including the use of fibrous filters. In this study, the particle capture efficiencies and pressure drops of air filters manufactured with cellulose pulp extracted from banana pseudostems were studied across three particle size ranges (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1). Two pretreatments were applied, alkaline with soda-antraquinone (alkali-treated pulp) and a subsequent bleaching process (bleached pulp), and four manufacturing processes were tested: crushing, freeze-drying, vacuum filtration, and pressing. In addition, a study varying filter grammage (70, 100, and 160 g·m−2) and pressing pressures (2, 4, 6, and 8 t) was also performed. After conducting these particle tests, the filter manufactured with bleached pulp, having a grammage of 160 g·m−2 and pressed at 4 t, was deemed the optimal individual solution. It demonstrated high particle retention efficiencies across all particle size ranges (with values exceeding 80%), a moderate pressure drop below 1000 Pa, and high thermal stability (degradation above 220 °C). However, combining freeze-drying and two-ton pressing processes yielded improved results (83% for the smallest particles and 89% for others) with approximately half the pressure drop. Based on these results, this study stands as a noteworthy contribution to waste valorization and the advancement of environmentally friendly materials for particle air filters. This is achieved through the adoption of simple and cost-effective technology, coupled with the utilization of 100% natural agricultural waste as the primary manufacturing material.

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“…PM 2.5 could also indirectly affect the brain via activation of a localized inflammatory response in the cardiovascular system, triggering the release of additional inflammatory factors (eg, cytokines) into the circulation, which may lead to systemic inflammation or microglia activation and, ultimately, contribute to brain inflammation. [13][14][15] Finally, PM 2.5 may also impact the brain through the instigation of autonomic nervous system imbalance. 16 Given the association of PM 2.5 with vascular conditions, [17][18][19] as well as the observed associations of vascular conditions with dementia, 20,21 vascular dysfunction may act as a mediator of the association of PM 2.5 with dementia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process may occur by direct entry of PM 2.5 into the brain through the olfactory nerves or via translocated particles that have entered the brain through the blood-brain barrier. PM 2.5 could also indirectly affect the brain via activation of a localized inflammatory response in the cardiovascular system, triggering the release of additional inflammatory factors (eg, cytokines) into the circulation, which may lead to systemic inflammation or microglia activation and, ultimately, contribute to brain inflammation . Finally, PM 2.5 may also impact the brain through the instigation of autonomic nervous system imbalance …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertension and Stroke as Mediators of Air Pollution Exposure and Incident Dementia

Zhang,

Langa,

Weuve

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceFine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) has been consistently associated with cardiovascular disease, which, in turn, is associated with an increased risk of dementia. As such, vascular dysfunction might be a mechanism by which PM2.5 mediates dementia risk, yet few prior epidemiological studies have examined this potential mechanism.ObjectiveTo investigate whether hypertension and stroke serve as mediators and modifiers of the association of PM2.5 with incident dementia.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsAs part of the Environmental Predictors of Cognitive Health and Aging (EPOCH) Project, this cohort study used biennial survey data collected between 1998 and 2016 from respondents of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative, population-based, cohort in the US. Eligible participants were those over 50 years of age who were free of dementia at baseline and had complete exposure, mediator, outcome, and demographic data from the HRS. Data analysis was conducted from August to November 2022.ExposuresExposure to PM2.5, calculated for the 10 years preceding each person’s baseline examination according to residential histories and spatiotemporal models.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIncident dementia was identified using a validated algorithm based on cognitive testing and informant reports. The 4-way decomposition causal mediation analysis method was used to quantify the degree to which hypertension and stroke mediated or modified the association of PM2.5 with incident dementia after adjustment for individual-level and area-level covariates.ResultsAmong 27 857 participants (mean [SD] age at baseline, 61 [10] years; 15 747 female participants [56.5%]; 19 249 non-Hispanic White participants [69.1%]), 4105 (14.7%) developed dementia during the follow-up period (mean [SD], 10.2 [5.6] years). Among participants with dementia, 2204 (53.7%) had a history of hypertension at baseline and 386 (9.4%) received a diagnosis of hypertension during the follow up. A total of 378 participants (9.2%) had a history of stroke at baseline and 673 (16.4%) developed stroke over the follow-up period. The IQR of baseline PM2.5 concentrations was 10.9 to 14.9 μg/m3. In fully adjusted models, higher levels of PM2.5 (per IQR) were not associated with increased risk of incident dementia (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.11). Although there were positive associations of prevalent stroke (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.48 to 1.88) and hypertension (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.23) with incident dementia compared with those free of stroke and hypertension during follow-up, there was no statistically significant association of PM2.5 with stroke (odds ratio per IQR increment in PM2.5, 1.08; 95%CI, 0.91 to 1.29) and no evidence of an association of PM2.5 with hypertension (odds ratio per IQR increment in PM2.5, 0.99; 95%CI, 0.92 to 1.07). Concordantly, there was no evidence that hypertension or stroke acted as mediators or modifiers of the association of PM2.5 with incident dementia. Although the nonmediated interaction between PM2.5 and hypertension accounted for 39.2% of the total excess association (95% CI, −138.5% to 216.9%), the findings were not statistically significant.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that although hypertension may enhance the susceptibility of individuals to air pollution, hypertension and stroke do not significantly mediate or modify the association of PM2.5 with dementia, indicating the need to investigate other pathways and potential mediators of risk.

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Particulate matter and Alzheimer’s disease: an intimate connection

Cited by 17 publications

References 81 publications

Exposure to Environmental Toxins: Potential Implications for Stroke Risk via the Gut– and Lung–Brain Axis

Exposure to Environmental Toxins: Potential Implications for Stroke Risk via the Gut– and Lung–Brain Axis

Development of Cellulose Air Filters for Capturing Fine and Ultrafine Particles through the Valorization of Banana Cultivation Biomass Waste

Hypertension and Stroke as Mediators of Air Pollution Exposure and Incident Dementia

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