Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide Emission Factors from Incense Burning

Jilla, Abhinay; Kura, Bhaskar

doi:10.4172/2573-458x.1000140

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…By using the experimental test chamber, CO emission factor was calculated to vary between 110–120 mg/g of incense. 22 Moreover, the peak levels of CO emitted from several common types of incense with different origins were found to exceed the Recommended Indoor Air Quality Objectives for Office Buildings and Public Spaces in Hong Kong (HKIAQO) standard, two of which were even greater than National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for 1-h CO of 35 ppm. The highest emission rate and emission factor for CO were observed up to 794.7 mg/h and 227.7 mg/g of incense, respectively, depending on the type of incense.…”

Section: The Health Risks From Incense Burning: the Consonance Of Harmful Constituents In The Incense Smokementioning

confidence: 94%

The Adverse Impact of Incense Smoke on Human Health: From Mechanisms to Implications

Lee¹,

Vo²,

Wee³

et al. 2021

JIR

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Incense burning is a very popular activity in daily life among many parts all over the world. A growing body of both epidemiological and experimental evidences has reported the negative effects of incense use on human well-being, posing a potential threat at public significance. This work is a comprehensive review that covers the latest findings regarding the adverse impact of incense smoke on our health, providing a panoramic visualization ranging from mechanisms to implications. The toxicities of incense smoke come directly from its harmful constituents and deposition capacity in the body. Besides, reactive oxygen species-driven oxidative stress and associated inflammation seem to be plausible underlying mechanisms, eliciting various unfavorable responses. Although our current knowledge remains many gaps, this issue still has some important implications.

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Section: The Health Risks From Incense Burning: the Consonance Of Harmful Constituents In The Incense Smokementioning

confidence: 94%

The Adverse Impact of Incense Smoke on Human Health: From Mechanisms to Implications

Lee¹,

Vo²,

Wee³

et al. 2021

JIR

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“…A cardboard box was used as the body of the tunnel, with an aluminum exhaust tube connecting the PM source to the inlet section of the tunnel, and plexiglass windows for visualization of the detector readings. Incense sticks were used as the PM 2.5 source [ 25 , 26 ] and a fan (Lasko, 50x50 cm) placed inside the tunnel, created the draft. Two soft silicone mannequin heads (Yephets, 23x15x10 cm), one with a nanoparticle coated mask and another control mannequin without a mask were tested side by side with vacuum pumps (HSH-Flow, 6W, 8L/min, 120 KPa) simulating human breathing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a combinatory filtration system for pollution and virus abatement by optimized nanoparticle deposition

Nag

2022

PLoS ONE

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PM2.5, particulate matter less than 2.5 microns, is the leading contributor to air pollution which results in cardio-vascular and respiratory diseases. Recent studies also indicate a strong correlation between ambient air pollution and COVID-19 cases, which have affected the lives of billions of people globally. Abatement technologies such as ionic and other high efficiency filtration systems are expensive and unaffordable in communities with limited resources. The goal of this study was to develop a mask with an optimized nanoparticle coating which has a dual capability of particulate matter and virus filtration, while being affordable and safe for human use. The nanoparticles were selected for their filtration and virucidal capabilities. Particle filtration efficiency, tested with a wind tunnel and PM2.5 from incense sticks measured by laser particle detectors, improved by ~60% with nanoparticle coatings on KN95 and surgical masks. Virus filtration efficiency, tested using nebulized NaCl particles as a virus surrogate, improved by 95% with coated masks. The nanoparticle retention efficacy, tested by simulating a normal 8-hour workday, was well within the permissible exposure limits. This technology has several applications such as in personal protective equipment for virus protection, and in air-conditioning and car cabin filters for pollution abatement. In conclusion, the chosen combination of nanoparticles provides an effective and safe solution for both particulate matter and viral particle filtration.

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“…In addition, daily use of incense had an 18.5% higher risk of increased particulate matter concentrations. This happens because incense smoke particles are microscopic and easily in and out of the respiratory tract; houses that have poor ventilation can accelerate in ammatory processes in the lung organs and decrease pulmonary function and cause respiratory diseases [30], [35], [37]. Another study revealed that people who grow incensed 2-4 times daily indoors result in incense smoke containing carbon monoxide concentration in the lungs, subsequently interacting with in ammatory cells and exacerbating chronic respiratory conditions that cause asthma, COPD, rhinitis, and pneumonia [12].…”

Section: Incense Smoke Pollutants In Reducing Lung Capacity and Induc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon monoxide content has been reported to cause poisoning from long-term use of incense that can damage the alveoli organs and reduce lung function and capacity [12]. Symptoms of CO gas poisoning in incense smoke are shortness of breath, vomiting, and headaches [37]. Furthermore, particulate matter (PM 1, 2.5, 10 ) in incense smoke can worsen respiratory diseases, damage tissues, and be concentrated in the lungs resulting in necrosis and impaired lung function [14].…”

Section: Incense Smoke Pollutants In Reducing Lung Capacity and Induc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of exposure to incense smoke associated with impaired lung function and respiratory disease: A Systematic Review

Adnyana

Utomo

Dewanti

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Incense (bakhour) is used by the community through ceremonies, traditional health practices, and aromatherapy. Nevertheless, evidence from experiments and studies of populations suggests that a habit of burning incense makes the lungs work less well. The study investigated the relationship between exposure to incense smoke and impaired lung function and respiratory diseases. Data tracing was carried out systematically by following PRISMA guidelines and establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria for filtering, selecting, and including articles registered in the PROSPERO database. This study describes respiratory symptoms/ diseases, home use of incense, and lung function measurement. Six articles were included; 6 articles (100%) reported using incense indoors, and five (83%) reported using incense outside the home. Respiratory symptoms and diseases caused by exposure to incense sticks are 5 (83%) shortness of breath, 6 (100%) wheezing, asthma, and inflammation of the lungs, 2 (33%) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 4 (67%) allergic rhinitis. Incense smoke particles decrease lung function based on FVC, FEV, PEFR, and FEF values of 25–75%. The results indicate that smoking incense adversely affects lung function and leads to respiratory diseases. The community and related parties can minimize and conduct education and prevention related to simultaneous incense exposure in the community to reduce the burden of diseases and disorders due to respiratory incense smoke in areas that use it daily.

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Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide Emission Factors from Incense Burning

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

The Adverse Impact of Incense Smoke on Human Health: From Mechanisms to Implications

The Adverse Impact of Incense Smoke on Human Health: From Mechanisms to Implications

Development of a combinatory filtration system for pollution and virus abatement by optimized nanoparticle deposition

Effects of exposure to incense smoke associated with impaired lung function and respiratory disease: A Systematic Review

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