Particulate matter composition and emission rates from the disk incorporation of class B biosolids into soil

Paez-Rubio, Tania; Xia, Hua; Anderson, James A.; Peccia, Jordan

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.012

Cited by 23 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This aerosol concentration corresponds to less than 20% of total PM 10 in the no-disking cases and less than 2% of the total PM 10 in the disking scenario. These biosolid-derived PM 10 values are markedly lower than the 500-to 1,000-g/m 3 source concentrations reported during biosolid spreading and disking of dewatered biosolids (29,31). However, these low values should not be viewed as insignificant since the source emission area could be spread over several square kilometers and produce an equal or greater biosolid mass emission rate into the environment (mass biosolids emitted per time) than those produced by spreading and disking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…have not been observed in all anaerobic digester microbial ecology studies. Culturable isolates of sulfite-reducing Clostridia are typically enriched to 10 5 to 10 7 CFU/dry g biosolids (0.01% or less of the total microorganism counts in biosolids) (31). The Chloroflexi sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large reduction of coliforms during sewage sludge stabilization, coupled with the inability of many gram-negative microorganisms to survive environmental and collection-associated stresses (8,43), makes coliform bacteria a poor choice for tracking biosolid-derived aerosols. Indeed, the release of biosolid bioaerosols has only been documented at the source of overt aerosolproducing activities such as biosolid spreading, loading, or disk incorporation into soils (4,31,38). In these cases, the large aerosol mass concentrations of biosolids (ca.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Source Tracking Aerosols Released from Land-Applied Class B Biosolids during High-Wind Events

Baertsch

Paez-Rubio

Viau

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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DNA-based microbial source tracking (MST) methods were developed and used to specifically and sensitively track the unintended aerosolization of land-applied, anaerobically digested sewage sludge (biosolids) during high-wind events. Culture and phylogenetic analyses of bulk biosolids provided a basis for the development of three different MST methods. They included (i) culture-and 16S rRNA gene-based identification of Clostridium bifermentans, (ii) direct PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for an uncultured bacterium of the class Chloroflexi that is commonly present in anaerobically digested biosolids, and (iii) direct PCR amplification of a 16S rRNA gene of the phylum Euryarchaeota coupled with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism to distinguish terminal fragments that are unique to biosolid-specific microorganisms. Each method was first validated with a broad group of bulk biosolids and soil samples to confirm the target's exclusive presence in biosolids and absence in soils. Positive responses were observed in 100% of bulk biosolid samples and in less than 11% of the bulk soils tested. Next, a sampling campaign was conducted in which all three methods were applied to aerosol samples taken upwind and downwind of fields that had recently been land applied with biosolids. When average wind speeds were greater than 5 m/s, source tracking results confirmed the presence of biosolids in 56% of the downwind samples versus 3% of the upwind samples. During these high-wind events, the biosolid concentration in downwind aerosols was between 0.1 and 2 g/m 3 . The application of DNA-based source tracking to aerosol samples has confirmed that wind is a possible mechanism for the aerosolization and off-site transport of land-applied biosolids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source Tracking Aerosols Released from Land-Applied Class B Biosolids during High-Wind Events

Baertsch

Paez-Rubio

Viau

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…(12) When considering human health effects from biosolids, risk assessment and risk management are key to providing appropriate protection to the public. (13) Some studies have been conducted in agricultural fields, but the focus of most of these studies has been on bioaerosols (14)(15)(16)(17)(18) or farm dust classification. (19) However, reports on the characteristics of farm field particulate matter, especially during the biosolids land injection process, seem to be very limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate Matter (PM) Exposure Assessment—Horizontal and Vertical PM Profiles in Relation to Agricultural Activities and Environmental Factors in Farm Fields

Akbar-Khanzadeh

Ames

Bisesi

et al. 2012

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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Reports profiling airborne particulate matter (PM) in farm fields, especially during a Class B biosolids land-injection process, are scarce. Thus, this study characterized PM in such a farm field located in northwest Ohio. For comparison, a control farm field with no biosolids application history was also monitored. During 11 days of varied agricultural activities, the concentrations of particle mass and number (count) and also metal content were monitored in the study field, and their interactions with environmental factors were examined. The monitoring was performed across the farm field at four heights of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m from the ground. The overall mean (SD) concentration (μg/m(3)) of respirable suspended particulate matter (RPM) was 30.8 (23.1) with means ranging from 15.9 (3.80) during post-tilling Event 1, 19.9 (12.4) during biosolids application to 56.1 (11.7) during post-harvest (including baling) activity. The maximum concentration of RPM (μg/m(3)) was 43 during biosolids application, 90 during post-harvest, and 183 during post-tilling Event 2 activities. Overall, 93.7% (8.98%) of the total suspended particulate matter (TPM) was respirable. The levels of RPM significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with TPM and particle counts of ultrafine particles (UFP) and 0.3 μm particle size. Ambient temperature showed no effect, whereas wind speed and relative humidity had an inverse effect on RPM concentration. Particle concentrations changed minimally during each set of monitoring across the field, except during major activities or sudden weather changes. For particles with sizes of 2, 5, and 10 μm, the counts decreased with increasing height from the ground and were significantly (p < 0.05) higher at 0.5 m than at other heights. The levels of nine metals within particles monitored were well below current recommended occupational exposure criteria. These results suggest that injection of the biosolids into agricultural land provides significant protection against exposure to biosolids particles.

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“…Paez-Rubio et al (2006) studied the composition of these particulate matters and determined the emission rates due to disking activity. The researchers used arrayed samplers to estimate the vertical source aerosol concentration, which were used to calculate the plume.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Evaluation of a Dispersion Model to Predict Downwind Concentrations of Particulate Emissions from Land Application of Class B Biosolids in Unstable Conditions

Bhat¹,

Kumar²,

Czajkowski³

2011

Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution

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Particulate matter composition and emission rates from the disk incorporation of class B biosolids into soil

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

Source Tracking Aerosols Released from Land-Applied Class B Biosolids during High-Wind Events

Source Tracking Aerosols Released from Land-Applied Class B Biosolids during High-Wind Events

Particulate Matter (PM) Exposure Assessment—Horizontal and Vertical PM Profiles in Relation to Agricultural Activities and Environmental Factors in Farm Fields

Development and Evaluation of a Dispersion Model to Predict Downwind Concentrations of Particulate Emissions from Land Application of Class B Biosolids in Unstable Conditions

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