Parturient Hypocalcemia in Jersey Cows Fed Alfalfa Haylage-Based Diets with Different Cation to Anion Ratios

Özlem

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

et al. 2003

In this study, fractional excretions (Fe) of sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (PO 4 ) were examined with the aim to demonstrate interactions between fractional excretions of these electrolytes within each period and relate them to electrolyte metabolism in clinically normal cows at different stages of lactation and dry period. The material of this study consisted of 20 clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows of the same age and milk yield. Blood and urine samples were collected on 190-200th, 240-250th and 270-280th days of pregnancy and on days 1-7th, 35-45th and 75-85th after calving, altogether 6 times. An increase was observed in Fe Ca and Fe Mg during the transition from the lactation to the dry period (p < 0.05), and a decrease in Fe Ca (p < 0.05), Fe Mg (p < 0.01) in the 2nd month of the dry period. Fe PO4 and Fe Mg , respectively, increased on levels of p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, while Fe Ca decreased on a level of p < 0.05 after gestation compared to the level before gestation. Fe Na and Fe K showed a decrease of p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively, between the 1st and 2nd months of the dry period, while after gestation this value showed an increase in Fe Na (p < 0.05) and Fe K (p < 0.01). Fe Cl increased significantly (p < 0.05) only from postpartum to the 1st month of lactation. There was a strong positive correlation between Fe Na and Fe Cl in all of the periods. It was concluded that there were significant changes in the Fe of Na, K, Cl, Ca, PO 4 and Mg before parturition and during lactation; these changes could have an important role in assessing renal function and electrolyte balance.Key words: Cow, fractional excretion, electrolytes, lactation, dry period Metabolic diseases associated with electrolyte disturbances in cattle, such as parturient paresis (hypocalcaemia), grass tetany (hypomagnesaemia), and displaced abomasum (alkalosis, hypochloraemia and hypokalaemia), develop predominantly before calving or in early lactation and have significant economic impact (Fleming et al

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Fractional excretion of electrolytes during pre- and postpartum periods in cows

Özlem

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

et al. 2003

“…In contrast, there was a time effect on feed intake, which corresponds with increasing level of anionic salt supplementation. Anionic salts are considered unpalatable (Oetzel et al 1991), and have been shown to depress feed intake in dairy cattle (Tucker et al 1988(Tucker et al , 1992Gaynor et al 1989). The depression in intake appears to be related to alteration of the normal acid-base balance of the animal (Block 1984;Leclerc and Block 1989;Horst et al 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proposed mechanism of action is that a higher proportion of dietary anions in relation to cations alters the normal acid-base status of the animal causing a mild acidosis. This induces higher Ca excretion in urine, reducing plasma Ca levels, which in turn stimulates Ca homeostatic mechanisms (Gaynor et al 1989;Abu Damir et al 1994). Little published information exists on how diet manipulation (Ca level or feeding of anionic salts) either alone or in combination with vitamin D 3 supplementation influences Ca homeostasis in beef steers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary Ca manipulation, anionic salts and supplemental vitamin D₃ on calcium homeostasis of finishing steers

Osorio¹,

Kessel²,

Olkowski³

et al. 2005

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a low-Ca diet, followed by a high-Ca diet in combination with feeding of anionic salts and/or vitamin D 3 on Ca and acid-base homeostasis of finishing steers. Twenty Hereford steers (448 _ 26 kg) were individually penned and fed at 0800 and 1600 with a ration consisting of 90% barley grain-based concentrate and 10% barley silage (DM basis). The experimental protocol included a 19-d adaptation period, a 14-d period of low Ca feeding, a 10-d supplemental period and a 5-d withdrawal period. During the supplemental period, anionic salts (MgSO 4 and NH 4 Cl) were incorporated into the diet at -1500 and -3000 mEq steer -1 d -1 for 3 and 7 d, respectively. The cattle were also supplemented with one of four vitamin D 3 treatments: 0, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 million IU (MIU) of vitamin D 3 steer -1 d -1 . Blood samples were obtained for measurement of total and ionized Ca, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin, vitamin D 3 , 25(OH)D 3 and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Feed intake was depressed (P < 0.05) by anionic salt feeding but not vitamin D 3 treatment. Cattle supplemented with vitamin D 3 had higher total (P < 0.05) and ionized (P < 0.05) serum Ca levels than the control cattle that were only supplemented with anionic salts. Higher (P < 0.04) ionized Ca levels were seen in cattle fed 2.4 versus those fed 0.6 MIU vitamin D 3 . Maximum total serum Ca values were 10.11, 10.97, 11.43 and 12.24 mg dL -1 for the 0, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 MIU vitamin D 3 treatments, respectively. Respective maximum values for ionized Ca were 5.43, 5.90, 5.98 and 6.25 mg dL -1 . These values represent increases, relative to the adaptation period of 3, 12, 16 and 25% for total and 9, 18, 20 and 31% for ionized Ca for the 0, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 MIU D 3 treatments, respectively. Circulating concentrations of vitamin D 3 , 25(OH)D 3 , and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 were increased (P < 0.05) by vitamin D 3 feeding, however, PTH was decreased (P < 0.05), while calcitonin was not affected (P > 0.05). Anionic salt feeding induced (P < 0.05) a mild systemic acidosis. The results indicate that anionic salt feeding enhanced the response of serum Ca to vitamin D 3 supplementation. Higher serum Ca levels prior to slaughter may increase intra-muscular Ca levels and enhance postmortem activity of Ca-dependant proteases responsible for myofibril degradation. The results point to a dietary strategy that with further research may prove useful in enhancing beef tenderness. Of particular interest is that serum Ca levels were elevated when vitamin D 3 was supplemented at levels 25 to 50% or less than levels used in previous research. Les sels anioniques réduisent (P < 0,05) la prise alimentaire, ce que ne fait pas la vitamine D 3 . Le sang des animaux recevant la vitamine présentait une plus forte concentration de Ca total (P < 0,05) et de Ca ionisé (P < 0,05) que celui des témoins, à qui on n'avait administré que les sels anioniques. Les bêtes recevant 2,4 MUI de vitamine D 3 avaient une concentration plus élevée (P < 0,04) de Ca ionisé q...

“…Increased serum concentration of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 will increase bone resorption with the presence of PTH, in order to maintain plasma Ca (Block, 1984;Gaynor et al, 1989). Dietary supplementation with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) has been shown to increase both plasma 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 concentrations in cattle regardless of the Ca status of the animal (Cho et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anionic salts and dietary 25-hydroxyvitamin D stimulate calcium availability in steers

McGrath

Savage

Nolan

et al. 2013

Animal

The influence of feeds containing varying dietary cation-anion differences (DCADs) with and without supplements of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) on urine pH and excretion of macro minerals was determined in fistulated crossbred steers (mean live weight 315 6 45 kg). A basal forage diet comprising lucerne hay and wheat chaff was used, to which varying quantities of MgCl 2 or K 2 CO 3 were added to achieve four levels of DCAD: 2300, 50, 150 or 250 mEq/kg dry matter (DM). Steers were allocated to one of six treatments, one treatment for each diet and a further treatment for both the 50 and 150 mEq/kg DCAD diets, which were supplemented with 25(OH)D at a rate of 3 mg/steer per day. Urine pH from steers offered the diets comprising DCADs of 50, 150 and 250 mEq/kg ranging from 8.3 to 8.8. In treatments not containing 25(OH)D with DCADs of 50 to 250 mEq/kg, there were no significant differences in urine pH or Ca excretion. However, steers offered the diet with a DCAD of 2300 mEq/kg DM produced urine with a significantly lower pH (6.5 to 7.5). Daily output of Ca in urine was also significantly higher from steers given this diet. Supplementation with 25(OH)D significantly increased urinary Ca excretion from steers offered diets of DCADs 50 and 150 mEq/kg DM. Estimates of daily urinary Ca excretion, calculated using the ratio of creatinine to Ca in 'spot' urine samples, were less variable than those based on total collection (residual mean square of 0.54 and 0.63, respectively).