The environmental burden of food waste (FW) disposal
coupled with
natural resource scarcity has aroused interest in FW valorization;
however, transforming FW into valuable products remains a challenge
because of its heterogeneous nature. In this study, a two-stage method
involving black soldier fly (BSF)-based insect pretreatment and subsequent
hydrothermal catalysis over a single-atom cerium-incorporated hydroxyapatite
(Ce-HAP) was explored to convert FW into high added-value furfurals
(furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural). FW consisting of cereal, vegetables,
meat, eggs, oil, and salt was initially degraded by BSF larvae to
generate homogeneous BSF biomass, and then, crucial parameters impacting
the conversion of BSF biomass into furfurals were investigated. Under
the optimized conditions, 9.3 wt % yield of furfurals was attained,
and repeated trials confirmed the recyclability of Ce-HAP. It was
proved that the revenue of furfural production from FW by this two-stage
method ranged from 3.14 to 584.4 USD/tonne. This study provides a
potential technical orientation for FW resource utilization.