Passive delivery of mixed explosives vapor from separated components

DeGreeff, Lauryn E.; Malito, Michael; Katilie, Christopher J.; Brandon, Andrew; Conroy, Michael; Peranich, Kimberly; Ananth, Ramagopal; Rose-Pehrsson, Susan L.

doi:10.1016/j.forc.2017.02.010

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Colizza, K., Gonsalves, M., McLennan, L., Smith, J. and Oxley, J. studied, in depth, the metabolites of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and compare those to methyl ethyl ketone peroxides (MEKP) in canines to determine possible toxicity of these materials to canines [ 648 ].…”

Section: General Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpol review of detection and characterization of explosives and explosives residues 2016-2019

Klapec

Czarnopys

Pannuto

2020

Forensic Science International: Synergy

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Section: General Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpol review of detection and characterization of explosives and explosives residues 2016-2019

Klapec

Czarnopys

Pannuto

2020

Forensic Science International: Synergy

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“…DeGreeff et al published the analysis of different explosives, including ANFO, using HS-SPME/GC-MS as extraction technique, but making changes in the SPME fiber-coating polymer. Instead of using the fiber from the previous reports (polyacrylate-PA), they used a fiber with a triple coating of polydimethylsiloxane / divinylbenzene / carboxen (PDMS / DVB / CAR) [48]. With this modification, the spectra indicate that the majority of the ANFO specimen`s peaks are due to hydrocarbon compounds derived from the fossil fuel in the mixture.…”

Section: Analysis Of Volatile Organic Compounds (Vocs) Released By Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of antipersonnel landmines containing ANFO-based explosive: A review

et al. 2020

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After an internal conflict that lasted over half a century, the detection and removal of antipersonnel landmines in Colombia have become cumbersome challenges. Antipersonnel landmines remain scattered in Colombia and with a considerable impact on the central-western region. Most of these devices are handmade (therefore, they can also be classified as improvised explosive devices) and composed of ammonium nitrate and fossil fuel blend, a mixture known as ANFO. Due to several unique factors, including concealment tactics and non-conventional manufacturing techniques employed by guerrilla fighters, the most efficient method for the detection of ANFO-based antipersonnel landmines is the use of trained canines. This review aims at describing the current chemical strategies used in the detection of ANFO-based antipersonnel landmines. First, a detailed description of the different techniques used in the detection of explosives is made. Then, all the strategies reported in the world for antipersonnel landmines detection are described. Finally, the importance of the use of canines for antipersonnel landmines detection is explained.

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“…According to the National Center Against Explosive and Mining Artifacts (CENAM for its acronym in Spanish) of the Colombian army, about 99% of the antipersonnel land mines (APL) buried in Colombia are manufactured using ANFO, an explosive produced by a mixture between ammonium nitrate and fuel oil in a 96:4 ratio approximately 1. Several studies have reported that APL based on ANFO release hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds from the fuel oil 2, 3, while ammonium nitrate dissociates in ammonia and nitric acid 4. Interestingly, canine olfaction, the best current ANFO sensor today, can distinguish between the individual volatile compounds released by ammonium nitrate and fuel oil and their mixture in ANFO 5.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Although some studies have explored the olfactive signature in ANFO 2, 3, 6, the results evidence the analytical difficulties encountered regarding the identification of compounds with very low molecular weight, high polarity, low concentration, and extremely complex mixtures, characteristics found in the compounds released by explosives such as ANFO. Fortunately, some reports have proposed several derivatization processes as a pretreatment to achieve the sampling and identification by GC‐MS of compounds with the above problematic characteristics 7, 8.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, there are very few studies that use HS‐SPME/GC‐MS to analyze the ammonia released by ANFO, and the few reports have been limited just to the quantification of ammonia 2, 6 or simply to the comparison of the chromatographic profile using different fossil sources of fuel 3. Furthermore, there are no reports of the analysis of volatiles emanating from ANFO under field conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Volatile Organic Compounds, Spectral Characterization and Morphology of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Samples

Garzón-Serrano

Sierra

Rodríguez-Bejarano

et al. 2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Ammonium nitrate fuel oil is an explosive mixture found in most antipersonnel landmines (APL) buried throughout the Colombian territory. During more than 50 years of internal conflict, the Colombian government has found that trained dogs are the most effective method to detect APL. However, the olfactive signature in ANFO is unknown and also if there are differences in detection related to the explosive manufacturing origin. Therefore, this work begins with the analytical validation of the method used to determine ammonia, in its derivatized form as carbamate, released by home‐made ANFO using HS‐SPME‐GC‐FID. Once validated, the method was used to identify ammonia and other organic volatile compounds present in ANFO, under laboratory and simulated field conditions. The validation process includes the evaluation of the optimum conditions for the derivation and extraction of butylcarbamate, the determination of the working ranges with linear response in FID, the limits of detection and quantification, the sensitivity, and the precision. The results of the validation established linearity and sensitivity in a concentration between 20 and 120 mg/L, as well as low limits of detection and quantification of 6.4 and 21.4 mg/L, respectively. Also, an intermediate precision of 11% for butylcarbamate with a repeatability of 8%. The validated method showed in real samples of home‐made ANFO besides ammonia, the presence of low molecular methylamines, and also exhibited differences in volatile compositions according to the origin. The objective of this work is to offer a reliable analytical methodology for the extraction and analysis of volatile compounds from ANFO.

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Passive delivery of mixed explosives vapor from separated components

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Interpol review of detection and characterization of explosives and explosives residues 2016-2019

Interpol review of detection and characterization of explosives and explosives residues 2016-2019

Detection of antipersonnel landmines containing ANFO-based explosive: A review

Volatile Organic Compounds, Spectral Characterization and Morphology of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Samples

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