Passive Drag in Young Swimmers: Effects of Body Composition, Morphology and Gliding Position

Cortesi, Matteo; Gatta, Giorgio; Michielon, G.; Michele, Rocco Di; Bartolomei, Sandro; Scurati, R.

doi:10.3390/ijerph17062002

Cited by 29 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The physiological, biomechanical, and anthropometric predictors of swimming performance in young athletes have been broadly examined [ 29 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, only one study investigated anthropometric (AM) predictors of swimming ability in preschool children [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometric and Motor Competence Classifiers of Swimming Ability in Preschool Children—A Pilot Study

Gllareva

Trajković

Mačak

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Swimming is a form of physical activity and a life-saving skill. However, only a few studies have identified swimming ability classifiers in preschool children. This pilot cross-sectional study aimed to find anthropometric (AM) and motor competence (MC) predictors of swimming ability in preschool children, by building classifiers of swimming ability group (SAG) membership. We recruited 92 children (girls n = 45) aged 5–6 years and took the AM and MC measurements in accordance with the reference manual and using the KTK battery test (motor quotient, MQ), respectively. A linear discriminant analysis tested a classification model of preschoolers’ swimming ability (SAG: POOR, GOOD, EXCELLENT) based on gender, age, AM, and MC variables and extracted one significant canonical discriminant function (model fit: 61.2%) that can differentiate (group centroids) POOR (−1.507), GOOD (0.032), and EXCELLENT (1.524). The MQ total was identified as a significant classifier, which absolutely contributed to the discriminant function that classifies children’s swimming ability as POOR (standardized canonical coefficient: 1.186), GOOD (1.363), or EXCELLENT (1.535) with an accuracy of 64.1%. Children with higher MQ total ought to be classified into higher SAG; thus, the classification model of SAG based on the MQ total is presented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropometric and Motor Competence Classifiers of Swimming Ability in Preschool Children—A Pilot Study

Gllareva

Trajković

Mačak

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…The effect of the body fat variables (BF, PBF, and BFI, Table 2 and Table 3 ) on performance in female swimmers could be explained by body drag characteristics, as well as with active and passive drag efficiency [ 15 , 19 , 48 ]. Energy in swimming is used for maintaining the body on water surface and generating the muscle force required to overcome water resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The published evidence on morphological factors which contributes to the development of elite performance in swimming, has not been represented sufficiently in top scientific literature in the previous 35 years [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Competitive swimmers, especially Olympic elite swimmers, were found to be taller than sub-Olympic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall efficiency of swimming depends on the propulsive efficiency and the hydrodynamic resistance (different aspects of passive and active drag form) that the body creates as it moves through the water. Different forms of water resistance, as a sum of overall drag, during swimming is affected by the swimmer’s body shape and morphology, body density and body position in a water—as passive drag components; or depends on lots of comprehensive factors such as friction drag, frontal area and body shape resistance drag, and wave drag—as active drag components [ 15 , 18 ]. To enable an athlete to swim faster, the swimmer must either increase the propulsive force or reduce the drag force, or, ideally, do both [ 17 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body Composition in International Sprint Swimmers: Are There Any Relations with Performance?

Dopsaj

Zuozienė

Milić

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The paper addresses relations between the characteristics of body composition in international sprint swimmers and sprint performance. The research included 82 swimmers of international level (N = 46 male and N = 36 female athletes) from 8 countries. We measured body composition using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance methods with “InBody 720” device. In the case of male swimmers, it was established that the most important statistically significant correlation with sprint performance is seen in variables, which define the quantitative relationship between their fat and muscle with the contractile potential of the body (Protein-Fat Index, r = 0.392, p = 0.007; Index of Body Composition, r = 0.392, p = 0.007; Percent of Skeletal Muscle Mass, r = 0.392, p = 0.016). In the case of female athletes, statistically significant relations with sprint performance were established for variables that define the absolute and relative amount of a contractile component in the body, but also with the variables that define the structure of body fat characteristics (Percent of Skeletal Muscle Mass, r = 0.732, p = 0.000; Free Fat Mass, r = 0.702, p = 0.000; Fat Mass Index, r = −0.642, p = 0.000; Percent of Body Fat, r = −0.621, p = 0.000). Using Multiple Regression Analysis, we managed to predict swimming performance of sprint swimmers with the help of body composition variables, where the models defined explained 35.1 and 75.1% of the mutual variability of performance, for male and female swimmers, respectively. This data clearly demonstrate the importance of body composition control in sprint swimmers as a valuable method for monitoring the efficiency of body adaptation to training process in order to optimize competitive performance.

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“…In addition, SwimOne is able to exert an opposite force,

, to the swimmer by exerting an opposite torque in the drum axis,

. Therefore, the dynamics equation of the swimmer movement can be described by:

where M is the swimmer mass and

is the water resistance or drag that is defined as ’the force on an object moving in a fluid due to the rate of change in momentum of the fluid influenced by the object moving through the fluid’ [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SwimOne. New Device for Determining Instantaneous Power and Propulsive Forces in Swimming

Hermosilla

Corral-Gómez

González-Ravé

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The propulsive forces and instantaneous power that are generated by a swimmer have a great influence on the swimming performance. This works presents a new device, called SwimOne, for measuring propulsive force and estimating the instantaneous power of the swimmer. In addition, the detailed prototype is able to exert a customizable opposition force to the swimmer for training purpose. The conceptual idea is presented by describing the differential equation of the swimmer and the protocol for a factible estimation of the instantaneous power. The variables that are to be measured and estimated are identified and, consequently, the sensor and actuator systems can be selected. The high-level and detailed designs of the prototype are presented together with the protocol that is carried out in order to validate the sensor and actuation systems. The device is able to monitor the variables of interest of the swimmer together with the propulsive force and instant power. Finally, some experiments are carried out providing the results of several participants swimming in crawl, backstroke, butterfly, and breaststroke styles in the presence of different opposition force. The preliminary results show that SwimOne is valid for measuring instantaneous force and power with different loads in swimming.

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Passive Drag in Young Swimmers: Effects of Body Composition, Morphology and Gliding Position

Cited by 29 publications

References 21 publications

Anthropometric and Motor Competence Classifiers of Swimming Ability in Preschool Children—A Pilot Study

Anthropometric and Motor Competence Classifiers of Swimming Ability in Preschool Children—A Pilot Study

Body Composition in International Sprint Swimmers: Are There Any Relations with Performance?

SwimOne. New Device for Determining Instantaneous Power and Propulsive Forces in Swimming

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