Passive Source Depth Discrimination in Deep-Water

Abstract

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Striation-Based Beamforming with Two-Dimensional Filtering for Suppressing Tonal Interference

“…In physical terms, k f (mn) is the difference of travel times between the two interfering modes m and n, while k y(mn) refers to a wavenumber difference which is similar to a difference of arrival angles [7].…”

“…It can be seen from Equation ( 16) that the slope of the energies for broadband sources will be located along different lines in I 2DF (k y , k f ) with different azimuth angles φ 0 [7]. During the experiment, the value of φ 0 is estimated as −44.6 • in Section 3.2.…”

“…During the experiment, the value of φ 0 is estimated as −44.6 • in Section 3.2. The value of β may be −3 under the scenario of deep water or shallow water with an extremely thick thermocline [6,7]. But in most shallow water scenarios, β is approximately 1.…”

“…Most of the existing work assumed that β is an approximately scalar parameter in an environment with constant water sound speed over a perfectly reflecting bottom. In shallow water, the waveguide invariant is 1 [6], while in deep water it is −3 [7]. Thus, the waveguide invariant is widely used in various fields, such as underwater communications [8,9], environmental inversion [10], source localization [11,12], and reverberation estimation in active sonar systems [13].…”

“…When only one array is available, these methods are only applicable to near-field sources. The source localization using the waveguide invariant includes the source range estimation as well as the potential depth determination or classification based on the depth-dependent nature of the waveguide invariant [7,19]. For source-ranging applications, usually, the value of β is known a priori.…”