Past and Ongoing Tsetse and Animal Trypanosomiasis Control Operations in Five African Countries: A Systematic Review

Meyer, Anne; Holt, Hannah; Selby, Richard; Guitian, Javier

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005247

Cited by 82 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Our results indicate that, the tsetse populations on Big Chamaunga and Manga islands have recovered from the previously reported apparent densities of less than 0.1 and 1 fly/trap/ day after their suppression during trials using tiny targets to control G. f. fuscipes (2011 -2012 and 2012 -2013 respectively) (Tirados et al, 2015) to 9.2 and 22.7 flies/trap/day respectively. Recovery could be due to suppressed population growing back to presuppression levels or re-invasion from neighbouring areas (Meyer et al, 2016). The significantly smaller size of both females and males collected three years after tsetse control intervention on Big Chamaunga suggests that recovery in this case could have been mainly due to the suppressed population growing back.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…This could have led to the observed smaller size in tsetse that recovered and were caught on Big Chamaunga compared to Small Chamaunga and the other island. Apart from density dependant factors, the lower mobility and displacement rate of smaller flies (Vale et al, 2014(Vale et al, , 1984 and their reduced chance of encountering targets (thereby increasing their chance of survival) could be among the factors that explain why the use of targets alone as a tsetse control method has rare reports of successful elimination of tsetse populations (Meyer et al, 2016;Vreysen et al, 2013). Probably the use of targets only could achieve more successes in elimination by incorporating strategies in the tsetse control approach that also aim at killing the smaller flies that do not encounter targets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of vector control on the population structure of tsetse ( Glossina fuscipes fuscipes ) in western Kenya

et al. 2018

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Displacement rates of tsetse affect performance of targets during vector control. Fly size, one of the indicators of population structure usually obtained from wing measurement, is among the determinants of displacement rates. Although recovery of tsetse in previous intervention areas has been widely reported, the population structure of tsetse that recover is rarely evaluated despite being associated with displacements rates. Previously, intervention trials had reduced tsetse densities by over 90% from >3 flies/trap/day to <1fly/trap/day on Big Chamaunga and Manga islands of Lake Victoria in western Kenya. In this study, we assessed the recovery in densities of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes on the two islands and evaluated the effects vector control might have on the population structure. A before and after intervention study was undertaken on four islands of Lake Victoria in western Kenya; Small and Big Chamaunga, Manga and Rusinga Islands, two of which tsetse control intervention had previously been undertaken. Three years after intervention average G. f. fuscipes catches in biconical traps were estimated on each island. Wing centroid size (CS) (a measurement of fly size) and shape, indicators of the population structure of flies from the four islands were compared using geometric morphometric analyses. CS and shape of available female but not male tsetse wings obtained before the intervention trial on Big and Small Chamaunga islands were compared with those from the same islands after the intervention trial. G. f. fuscipes apparent density on the previous intervention islands were>9 flies/trap/day. Irrespective of sex, wing shape did not isolate tsetse based on their islands of origin. The fly size from Big and Small Chamaunga did not differ significantly before intervention trials (P = 0.728). However, three years after the intervention flies from Big Chamaunga were significantly smaller than those from Small Chamaunga (P < 0.003). Further, there was an increase in the divergence of wing morphology between flies collected from Big Chamaunga and those from Small Chamaunga after tsetse control. In conclusion, even though populations are not isolated, vector control could influence the population structure of tsetse by exerting size and wing morphology differential selection pressures. Therefore, we recommend further studies to understand the mechanism behind this as it may guide future vector control strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of vector control on the population structure of tsetse ( Glossina fuscipes fuscipes ) in western Kenya

et al. 2018

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“…By affecting livestock, tsetse is generating a livestock health crisis that has cumulative effects on socioeconomic and cultural well-being. In a review of five African countries, Meyer et al observed that tsetse affected farmers' livelihoods and welfare and food security and posed a threat to public health [69]. As indicated by participants in the assessments, livestock deaths caused by livestock nagana have become widespread, particularly in the Kaabong and Kotido districts.…”

Section: Tsetse Prevalence and Distribution Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tsetse Invasion as an Emerging Threat to Socioecological Resilience of Pastoral Communities in Karamoja, Uganda

et al. 2020

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Over 70% of Uganda is infested by the tsetse fly, which has negative effects on human and livestock health. From colonial to post-independent Uganda, the Government of Uganda has worked to eradicate the tsetse menace. Despite these efforts, recent veterinary reports from the Karamoja sub-region have indicated widespread tsetse invasion. This study investigated the potential impact of tsetse invasion on the socioecological resilience of pastoral communities in the Karamoja sub-region. Results indicated that tsetse invasion is spreading from north to south of Karamoja. The tsetse transmission route emerging from southern Karamoja is perceived to be a continuation of the tsetse belt from West Pokot, Kenya. Cases of livestock deaths, livestock abortions, decreased milk yields, restricted access to prime grazing lands, heightened human-wildlife conflicts and disruption on crop cultivation have been reported. A computed socioecological resilience index in the study area was positive but low. Owing to the transboundary characteristics of tsetse invasions and sources and the associated documented effects, an urgent, strategic and system-wide intervention should be undertaken to control the tsetse invasion in this sub-region. software, J.O. and J.P.M.; validation, A.E., J.O., J.P.M. and B.B.; formal analysis, A.E., J.O. and J.P.M.; investigation, A.E. and J.O.; resources, A.E.; data curation, J.O., J.P.M. and A.S.; writing-original draft preparation, A.E.; writing-review and editing, A.E., J.O., B.B., and A.S.; visualization, A.E., J.O., B.B. and A.S.; supervision, J.J.N.; project administration, A.E.; funding acquisition, A.E. and J.J.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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“…Mitigation risk of exposure goes through avoiding grazing in infested areas and use of prophylactic trypanocides. Trypanotolerant breeds and crossbreds are also recommended [54] but not appreciated by farmers because of their low production rate.…”

Section: Suggesting Approach To Control Emerging Vector-borne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Vector-Borne Diseases in Central Africa: A Threat to Animal Production and Human Health

Tongue¹,

Ngapagna²

2020

Vector-Borne Diseases - Recent Developments in Epidemiology and Control

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Although the potential for livestock production is high in Central Africa, it is not an important economic activity because of disease constraints, primarily trypanosomiasis transmitted by tsetse flies. Recently, a growing number of vector-borne diseases have also emerged in that region. Indeed, there is a progressive expansion of trypanosomiasis in known tsetse-free areas in the Far North of Cameroon, mechanically transmitted by Tabanidae. In the beginning of year 2019, there was an epidemic of African horse sickness (AHS) in Cameroon for the first time. In the meantime, AHS was also declared in Chad and reported in Nigeria. Besides, new cases of Rift Valley fever (RVF) are regularly detected in both Cameroon and Chad. The relative significance of most vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in livestock is difficult to quantify, because there is no study on their socioeconomic impact. But, certain VBDs have significant impact on food production, and others such as RVF can be transmitted to humans. Impact of VBDs on human health, animal health and trade, as well as the transboundary nature of these diseases means there is a need for regional coordination and cooperation to address challenges. This can be successfully achieved with One Health approach.

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Past and Ongoing Tsetse and Animal Trypanosomiasis Control Operations in Five African Countries: A Systematic Review

Cited by 82 publications

References 101 publications

Effects of vector control on the population structure of tsetse ( Glossina fuscipes fuscipes ) in western Kenya

Effects of vector control on the population structure of tsetse ( Glossina fuscipes fuscipes ) in western Kenya

Tsetse Invasion as an Emerging Threat to Socioecological Resilience of Pastoral Communities in Karamoja, Uganda

Emerging Vector-Borne Diseases in Central Africa: A Threat to Animal Production and Human Health

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