Past and Present of Electrochemical Sensors and Methods for Amphenicol Antibiotic Analysis

Abstract

Amphenicols are broad-spectrum antibiotics. Despite their benefits, they also present toxic effects and therefore their presence in animal-derived food was regulated. Various analytical methods have been reported for their trace analysis in food and environmental samples, as well as in the quality control of pharmaceuticals. Among these methods, the electrochemical ones are simpler, more rapid and cost-effective. The working electrode is the core of any electroanalytical method because the selectivity and sensitivity of the determination depend on its surface activity. Therefore, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the electrochemical sensors and methods along with their performance characteristics for chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and florfenicol detection, with a focus on those reported in the last five years. Electrode modification procedures and analytical applications of the recently described devices for amphenicol electroanalysis in various matrices (pharmaceuticals, environmental, foods), together with the sample preparation methods were discussed. Therefore, the information and the concepts contained in this review can be a starting point for future new findings in the field of amphenicol electrochemical detection.

Electrochemical sensors modified with iron oxide nanoparticles/nanocomposites for voltammetric detection of Pb (II) in water: A review

“…In electrochemical sensors, the character of the working electrode (WE) is very crucial in achieving selectivity, sensitivity, and detection limits of the target analyte [ 14 , 22 ]. However, bare WEs are characterized with limitations such as; low electron transfer rates, passivation of the surface as a result of accumulation of analyte species, sensitivity to temperature fluctuations which may lower their detection ability, high over-potentials and overlapping of peak potentials, as well as low surface area and functional groups [ [23] , [24] , [25] ].…”

“…Peak current (s) is distinctive to electron transfer and concentration of electro-active species [ 30 ] while the difference between E Pc and E Pa , known as the peak to peak separation (Δp) indicates the nature of the redox reaction [ 81 ]. Additionally, CV is employed in modification of the WE surface by electrochemical activation or electro-polymerization [ 22 , 65 ]. Like LSV, CV is limited by the high limits of detection within a range of 10 −3 -10 −5 M [ 79 ].…”

State of the Art on Developments of (Bio)Sensors and Analytical Methods for Rifamycin Antibiotics Determination

“…Considering all of these features, it is obvious that the continuous development of cheap, fast and reliable sensors and methods that allow for the detection and quantification of antibiotics from different matrices is necessary. This fact is emphasized by the already existing reviews regarding antibiotics analysis using electrochemical sensors [ 6 ], with some of them being focused on a given class of antibiotics like amphenicols [ 7 ] or aminoglycosides [ 8 , 9 ], or on various types of modifiers like graphene [ 5 , 10 ], MIPs [ 1 ], nanomaterials [ 11 , 12 ], metal organic frameworks [ 2 ] or fluorescent sensors based on luminescent metal-organic frameworks [ 13 ]. Two recent reviews focused on biosensors relying on various biorecognition elements and nanomaterials applied to antibiotic detection in food matrices [ 4 , 14 ].…”

Recent Trends in the Development of Carbon-Based Electrodes Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Antibiotic Electroanalysis

“…Considering the impact of different antibiotics or antibiotic classes on the AMR, the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines developed the AWaRe Classification of antibiotics in 2017 in order to emphasize their appropriate use and to support antibiotic stewardship and monitoring [36]. In order to protect consumers' health, the international authorities [37] (such as the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration [31]) set up regulations that specify the MRL of the antibiotics in foods of animal origin [16,[38][39][40], while in some countries the use of certain antibiotics (e.g., CAP [26], FZD [18], etc.) are even prohibited in food-producing animals.…”

“…Works regarding antibiotic electroanalysis using both bare [56][57][58] or modified electrodes [59], including aptasensors [60,61], can be found in the literature of the last few years. There are also some general reviews regarding the various types of electrochemical sensors (mainly modified with graphene [62][63][64] or nanomaterials [65,66]) and methods developed for antibiotic analysis [37,40,67]. Besides nanomaterials, MIPs are often chosen as electrode surface modifiers due to their ease of preparation and high stability, but mainly due to their inherent nature-inspired molecular recognition properties based on their tailored structure, which enhance both the selectivity and the sensitivity of the detection method owing to the preferred interaction with specific or closely related target molecules [68].…”