Past connections with the mainland structure patterns of insular species richness in a continental‐shelf archipelago (Aegean Sea, Greece)

Hammoud, Cyril; Kougioumoutzis, Konstantinos; Rijsdijk, Kenneth F.; Simaiakis, Stylianos Michail; Norder, Sietze J.; Foufopoulos, Johannes; Georgopoulou, Elisavet; Loon, E. Emiel van

doi:10.1002/ece3.7438

Cited by 21 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Long-term area change through time due to island ontogeny is not the only factor to influence island diversity and to vary throughout the island's lifespan. At shorter-time scales, sea-level fluctuations also affect island area, as well as potentially altering island connectivity within an archipelago or with the mainland, by varying the distance between landmasses, for example through the formation of temporary land-bridges (Ali and Aitchison, 2014;Fernández-Palacios et al, 2016;Hammoud et al, 2021). Dynamic island connectivity has left signatures on contemporary total and endemic island species diversity (Weigelt et al, 2016;Norder et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, phylogeographic and paleo-island biogeography studies have revealed that land-bridge islands have unique colonisation, migration and speciation dynamics that often do not fit classic oceanic-island-centric island biogeography (e.g. Papadopoulou and Knowles (2015); Hammoud et al (2021)). The land-bridge implementation with different rates of land-bridge colonisation used in this study is consistent with how different taxonomic groups may utilise land-bridges to colonise at different rates.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The robustness of a simple dynamic model of island biodiversity to geological and eustatic change

Neves

Lambert

Valente

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Aim: Biodiversity on islands is affected by various geo-physical processes and sea-level fluctuations. Oceanic islands (never connected to a landmass) are initially vacant with diversity accumulating via colonisation and speciation, followed by a decline as islands shrink. Continental islands have species upon formation (when disconnected from the mainland) and may have transient land-bridge connections. Theoretical predictions for the effects of these geo-processes on rates of colonisation, speciation and extinction have been proposed, but methods of phylogenetic inference assume only oceanic island scenarios without accounting for island ontogeny, sea-level changes or past landmass connections. Here, we analyse to what extent ignoring geodynamics affects the inference performance of a phylogenetic island model, DAISIE, when confronted with simulated data that violate its assumptions. Location: Simulation of oceanic and continental islands. Methods: We extend the DAISIE simulation model to include: area-dependent rates of colonisation and diversification associated with island ontogeny and sea-level fluctuations, and continental islands with biota present upon separation from the mainland, and shifts in rates to mimic temporary land-bridges. We quantify the error made when geo-processes are not accounted for by applying DAISIE's inference method to geodynamic simulations. Results: We find that the robustness of the model to dynamic island area is high (error is small) for oceanic islands and for continental islands that have been separated for a long time, suggesting that, for these island types, it is possible to obtain reliable results when ignoring geodynamics. However, for continental islands that have been recently or frequently connected, robustness of DAISIE is low, and inference results should not be trusted. Main conclusions: This study highlights that under a large proportion of island biogeographic geo-scenarios (oceanic islands and ancient continental fragments) a simple phylogenetic model ignoring geodynamics is empirically applicable and informative. However, recent connection to the continent cannot be ignored, requiring development of a new inference model.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The robustness of a simple dynamic model of island biodiversity to geological and eustatic change

Neves

Lambert

Valente

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Hammoud et al (2021) examined the relationship between island area and species richness in the Aegean Islands across multiple angiosperm taxa, taking into account historical sea-level change over the Quaternary. They find that true islands, which were historically unconnected to the mainland, exhibit stronger correlations between island area and endemic species richness relative to land-bridge islands.…”

Section: Pleistodist Applications and Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, empirical species distributions across island archipelagos highlight numerous exceptions. At macroecological scales, the distributions of terrestrial megafauna across the Sundaic and Wallacean regions (Wallace 1869; Lohman et al 2011) and the decoupling of species-area correlations on land-bridge islands in the Aegean Sea (Hammoud et al 2021) illustrate how land bridges can facilitate dispersal, colonisation, and biotic homogenisation between distant islands. Phylogeographic studies have also demonstrated that patterns of intraspecific genetic differentiation within island archipelagos are correlated with land-bridge connectivity (Leonard et al 2015; Cros et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PleistoDist: A toolbox for visualising and quantifying the effects of Pleistocene sea-level change on island archipelagos

Tan

Gyllenhaal

Andersen

2022

Preprint

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Pleistocene sea-level change played a significant role in the evolution and assembly of island biotas. The formation of land bridges between islands during Quaternary glacial maxima, when sea levels were up to 120 metres below present-day sea levels, often facilitated historical dispersal and gene flow between islands that are today geographically disconnected.Despite this, relatively few studies have attempted to quantify the effects of Pleistocene sea-level change on the evolution of island species assemblages.Here we present PleistoDist, an R package that allows users to visualise and quantify the effects of Pleistocene sea-level change on islands over time, and test multiple temporally explicit hypotheses of inter-island dispersal and community assembly.Re-analysing published datasets, we demonstrate how using PleistoDist to account for historical sea-level change can provide greater explanatory power when analysing extant island communities, and show how population genetic simulations can be used to generate spatiotemporally explicit neutral expectations of population genetic structure across island archipelagos.

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“…The fauna (and flora) of the Aegean has emerged and diversified due to a complex mix of vicarianistic and dispersal events, as well as the longlasting human presence, which has continuously interacted and impacted with the Aegean environment for more than 10,000 years (Poulakakis et al 2014). Recently, Hammoud et al (2021) highlighted that in terms of processes affecting species richness patterns, continental archipelagos differ fundamentally from oceanic systems because episodic connections with the mainland have profound effects on the biota of land-bridge islands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species–area relationships of the Aegean, a comparative approach between six taxa

Maroulis¹,

Mylonas²,

Vardinoyannis³

2021

Frontiers of Biogeography

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Islands occupy a proportionately small area on Earth, however they play a crucial role in Ecology and Biogeography, as they constitute "natural laboratories". The increased number of species, with increasing island area, is such a commonly observed pattern that it has been labelled as one of the few laws of ecology. The Aegean archipelago is of broad biogeographical interest, as it has a considerable number of islands in addition to a rich paleogeographical and geological history, while being divided among three continents (Europe, Asia, Africa). As a result, the composition of life in the Aegean is dominated by species of European, Asian, African origin as well as species endemic in the archipelago. In this framework, we approached the species-area relationship (SAR) of the Aegean islands for six different organismic groups (birds, herptiles, snails, isopods, tenebrionids and chilopods)and 20 different models. The aim was to determine which model(s) perform better for each taxon and also to compare the z and C parameters of the power model between animal groups, which are the only model parameters to date that have been linked with biological processes.We compared the relationship across different taxa for the entire archipelago and for the exact same islands, in two subgroups with similar paleogeographic history and environmental conditions in the central and eastern Aegean. For the taxonomic groups that were examined a strong correlation between the number of species and area was found, except for chilopods and herptiles. Although there is no universal best model for the SAR of the Aegean, the power model performed better for invertebrates, whereas concerning vertebrates there was more ambiguity in the shape of the relationship. Highlights• We provide a comparison of the species-area relationship for 6 different animal groups in an archipelago that mostly comprises of continental islands.• Snails and isopods display the highest C values within the power model species-area models.• Herptiles seem to have in general the lowest C and highest z values which could be mainly attributed to their small overall species number and generally low dispersal ability, respectively.• Species-area models that perform best for a specific taxon in a subset of islands do not necessarily explain the data adequately for the entire archipelago and vice-versa.

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Past connections with the mainland structure patterns of insular species richness in a continental‐shelf archipelago (Aegean Sea, Greece)

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 21 publications

References 71 publications

The robustness of a simple dynamic model of island biodiversity to geological and eustatic change

The robustness of a simple dynamic model of island biodiversity to geological and eustatic change

PleistoDist: A toolbox for visualising and quantifying the effects of Pleistocene sea-level change on island archipelagos

Species–area relationships of the Aegean, a comparative approach between six taxa

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