“…The 5 plant extracts (5% v/v) were applied with Haye's test chambers (HAIJE SERVICE B.V., Washington, USA) to a 70 cm 2 area of skin on each volunteer's back. The test materials were removed after 48 h and the treated sites were examined after 30 min, 24 h, and 48 h. Five types of reactions were classified according to the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) scoring system [18]. The five reactions include negative reaction (-), possible reaction (±, faint erythema only), weak positive reaction (+, erythema, infiltration, and possible papules), strong positive reaction (++, erythema, infiltration, papules or vesicles), and extreme positive reaction (+++, intense erythema, infiltration, and coalescing vesicles).…”