SummaryThe cochlear nucleus (CN), the starting point for all auditory processing in the brain, comprises a suite of well-defined cell types that are morphologically and biophysically specialized for initiating parallel processing pathways, yet their molecular distinctions are largely unknown. To determine how their functional specialization is determined at the molecular level, we employed a single-nucleus RNA sequencing analysis of the mouse CN to transcriptomically define its cell types and then related each molecularly distinct cell type to well-established cell type via Patch-seq, an approach linking single-cell transcriptome to their morphological/electrophysiological features. We reveal a one-to-one correspondence between an expanded set of molecular cell types and all previously described major types. Our approach also yields a set of novel markers for these cell types, as well as clear molecular subtypes for several major principal cell types. This study thus establishes the CN as a brain region with clearly defined cell types from the molecular to the circuit level, opening a new window for genetic dissection of auditory processing and hearing disorders.