Patellar tracking patterns measurement by analytical X-ray photogrammetry

Patellofemoral interactions in walking, stair ascent, and stair descent using a virtual patella model

“…1), results from a variety of experimental studies were compiled which reported DP location versus flexion angle for the natural knee (Hefzy and Yang, 1993;Sheehan et al, 1999;Lafortune, 1984;Ahmed et al, 1999;Kwak et al, 2000;Heegaard et al, 2001;Mesfar and Shirazi-Adl, 2005;Veress et al, 1979). To account for variability in bone size, DP location for each study was referenced from the patella position at 01 flexion and scaled by the DP location at 601 flexion.…”

The Measurement of Patellar Alignment in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Are We Confusing Assumptions With Evidence?

“…Conversely, most in vivo studies demonstrate only medial displacement with no lateral movement. 8,48,83,97 The exceptions are Powers et al 70 who reported maximal lateral patellar position at 45° of knee flexion and minimal lateral position at 18° of flexion and a tendency towards increasing lateral displacement from 18° to 0° of flexion, and Shih et al 87 who reported only lateral movement with no initial medial movement.…”

Precise 3D skeletal kinematics using fast phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging

“…In addition, few studies have investigated the complete knee joint (patello-tibio-femoral joint), opting to study the patellofemoral or the tibiofemoral joint in isolation. Lastly, these joints have been studied under static (5-7), quasi-static (8 -10), or dynamic (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) conditions; in two and three dimensions; in healthy subjects, in patients with specific impairments and using cadavers. Such variety in experimental protocols leads to confusion when trying to establish baseline levels for healthy and impaired joint function.…”