Patent Citations as a Measure of Knowledge Flows: The Influence of Examiner Citations

Alcácer, Juan; Gittelman, Michelle

doi:10.1162/rest.88.4.774

Cited by 632 publications

(331 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Especially in the EPO system, which we are using for our research, it is the patent examiner of the patent office who is ultimately responsible for including all the patent citations that are necessary, and not the inventor. Together this might also be the reason why Criscuolo and Verspagen's (2008) finding that inventor citations and examiner citations in EPO do not track each other differs from the findings of Alcacer and Gittelman (2006) for USPTO. Also in terms of legal reasons inventor and non-inventor citations in USPTO will track each other more closely than these citations will do in EPO.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The reason being that large parts of patent citations may not be related to a particular knowledge flow due to the fact that patent citations are included not only by the inventor, but as well by the patent attorney of the firm and the patent examiner in the patent office. Recent research has concentrated on the distinction between inventor citations and non-inventor citations (Alcacer and Gittelman, 2006;Criscuolo and Verspagen, 2008). Where Criscuolo and Verspagen propose only to consider inventor citations as knowledge flows, Alcacer and Gittelman conclude that the bias introduced by the examiner citations is not necessarily bad, since both inventor citations and examiner citations might track each other closely.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The technological origins of radical inventions

2010

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a b s t r a c tThis paper aims to trace down the origins of radical inventions. In spite of many theoretical discussions on the effect of radical inventions, the specific nature of radical inventions has received much less attention in the theoretical and empirical literature. We try to fill that void by an empirical investigation into the specific origins of radical inventions. We explore this issue by a close examination of 157 individual patents, which are selected from a pool of more than 300,000 patents. In contrast to the conventional wisdom that radical inventions are based less on existing knowledge, we find that they are to a higher degree based on existing knowledge than non-radical inventions. A further result that follows from our analysis is that radical inventions are induced by the recombination over more knowledge domains. The combination of knowledge from domains that might usually not be connected seems to deliver more radical inventions.

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Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The technological origins of radical inventions

2010

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“…This is a flow measure that directly reflects the increase in the stock of technological knowledge available in an economic system. 5 Accordingly, patents have been extensively used in the management and economics literature to measure knowledge flows (e.g., Griliches, 1990;Jaffe et al, 1993 and1998;Almeida and Kogut, 1999;Popp, 2003 and2005;Alcacer and Gittelman, 2006). As such, patent data are potentially more precise than other measures of innovation since they refer to concrete and successfully terminated knowledge generating activities that are the result of the recombination of codified knowledge based on research and development efforts and the stock of tacit knowledge based upon learning processes.…”

Section: Econometric Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological change, rent and income inequalities: A Schumpeterian approach

Antonelli

Gehringer

2017

Technological Forecasting and Social Change

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Increasing levels of income inequality have recently attracted much attention. The literature has concentrated on the hypothesis that increasing levels of income inequality are the cause of slow growth and social unbalances. This paper contributes to exploring an alternative hypothesis according to which increasing levels of income inequality are the consequence, rather than the cause, of slow growth and more specifically of the slowing pace of technological change. The paper articulates the Schumpeterian hypothesis that the rate of technological change exerts a significant influence in reducing income distribution. Due to the powerful effects of creative destruction, the rate of technological change engenders a reduction in wealth and rent inequalities that are highly skewed and, consequently, limits income inequality. We test this hypothesis in an empirical exercise by implementing quantile regressions on a large dataset of advanced and industrializing economies. The inequality diminishing effect of technological change holds along the entire income inequality distribution, but exhibits larger effects in countries where the concentration of wealth and, consequently, income asymmetries are stronger. These results have novel welfare implications and suggest some crucial insights for economic policy analysis.

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“…Recent research suggests that high levels of examiner citations are associated with low quality patents (Alcácer and Gittelman 2006;Sampat 2009. Therefore, including these citations adds a new set of observations -patents whose citations are 100% examiner-imposed -that may represent inferior innovations.…”

Section: Robustness Checksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local R&D Strategies and Multilocation Firms: The Role of Internal Linkages

2012

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T his study looks at the role of internal linkages in highly competitive clusters. We argue that, in addition to serving as a mechanism for sourcing knowledge, strong internal linkages help firms increase internalization and create higher levels of technological interdependence across firm locations. Firms with strong networks of internal linkages are able to maintain tighter control over local innovation and reduce the risk that knowledge outflows will advantage competitors in clusters. Our empirical analysis of the global semiconductor industry shows that industry leaders intensify internal linkages across locations when they collocate with direct market competitors, but not when they collocate with innovators in the same technological field. We also find that internal linkages are associated with more knowledge flow within firms and less knowledge expropriation by collocated competitors. Our results suggest that future research in cluster innovation should consider the critical role of multilocation firms, their internal organization across clusters, and their responses to technological and market competition in clusters.

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Patent Citations as a Measure of Knowledge Flows: The Influence of Examiner Citations

Cited by 632 publications

References 12 publications

The technological origins of radical inventions

The technological origins of radical inventions

Technological change, rent and income inequalities: A Schumpeterian approach

Local R&D Strategies and Multilocation Firms: The Role of Internal Linkages

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