Path to achieving molecular dispersion in a dense reactive mixture

Patel, Jigneshkumar P.; Xiang, Zou Guo; Hsu, Shaw Ling; Schoch, Andrew B.; Carleen, Sena Ada; Matsumoto, D. S.

doi:10.1002/polb.23789

Cited by 83 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It also has kinked phenyl rings, preventing access to some of the reactive sites (unreacted ortho/para) especially when hydrogen bonds are present . HMTA is highly crystalline (>99% crystallinity) and has a high melting temperature of nearly 280 °C . In order to induce crosslinks between such dissimilar components, plasticizers are usually used to disrupt the hydrogen bonds providing mobility to the resin in order to dissolve and disperse HMTA .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HMTA is highly crystalline (>99% crystallinity) and has a high melting temperature of nearly 280 °C . In order to induce crosslinks between such dissimilar components, plasticizers are usually used to disrupt the hydrogen bonds providing mobility to the resin in order to dissolve and disperse HMTA . Due to the rigidity of the phenyl ring, the glass transition temperature can rise quickly during the crosslinking reaction creating a vitrified structure rapidly .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its delocalized cyclic structure interacts favorably with the negatively delocalized phenyl ring of phenol in phenol formaldehyde prepolymer. It also has the polar group of aldehyde to disrupt various intermolecular interactions including hydrogen bonding in the phenolic resin . Although the freed hydroxyl groups of the phenolic resin do not participate directly in the crosslinking reaction, they interact through hydrogen bonding to dissociate HMTA in order to facilitate the crosslinking reaction .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also has the polar group of aldehyde to disrupt various intermolecular interactions including hydrogen bonding in the phenolic resin . Although the freed hydroxyl groups of the phenolic resin do not participate directly in the crosslinking reaction, they interact through hydrogen bonding to dissociate HMTA in order to facilitate the crosslinking reaction . A plasticizer such as furfural should not dissolve the HMTA directly, allowing Nitrogen atoms to be accessible for reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A plasticizer such as furfural should not dissolve the HMTA directly, allowing Nitrogen atoms to be accessible for reaction. In fact, the solubility of HMTA in furfural is extremely low at <2% by weight …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An analysis of the role of nonreactive plasticizers in the crosslinking reactions of a rigid resin

Patel

Deshmukh

Zhao

et al. 2016

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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A uniform dispersion of reactants is necessary to achieve a complete reaction involving multiple components. Using a combination of infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and low field NMR, we have elucidated the role of a new class of nonreactive plasticizers on the crosslinking reaction between hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and phenol formaldehyde resin. These two seemingly dissimilar reactants are responsible for the exceptionally high mechanical strength in a number of organic–inorganic composites. The efficiency of the curing reaction is characterized by the changing functionality of HMTA. Infrared active vibrations are used to characterize the changing molecular structures as a function of temperature. The T1 spin‐lattice relaxation time is used for the characterization of segmental dynamics of the chains in the formation of the crosslinked product. The segmental mobility depends on the amount of crosslinking and the stiffness of the chain. This study shows that this new class of nonreactive plasticizer can induce highly crosslinked structures without any of the environmental impact of the current technology. An efficient crosslinking reaction in phenolic resin can be achieved by using methyl benzoate as a nonreacting plasticizer. Low field NMR, in conjunction with infrared spectroscopy (mid and near) and DSC, clarified the crosslinking reaction mechanism and the ensuing structure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 206–213

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

An analysis of the role of nonreactive plasticizers in the crosslinking reactions of a rigid resin

Patel

Deshmukh

Zhao

et al. 2016

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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In situ emulsion polymerization and characterization of PVAc nanocomposites including colloidal silica nanoparticles for wood specimens bonding

Jazi

Ramezani

Haddadi

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) nanocomposites for wood adhesives containing different amounts of colloidal silica nanoparticles (CSNs) were synthesized via in situ one‐step emulsion polymerization. The adhesion strength of wood specimens bonded by PVAc nanocomposites was investigated by the tensile test. Thermal properties of PVAc nanocomposites were also characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Rheological and morphological properties of the PVAc nanocomposites were investigated using rheometric mechanical spectrometry and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. The obtaining results showed that the shear strength of PVAc nanocomposite including 1 wt. % CSNs has the highest shear and tensile strength about 4.7 and 3.2 MPa, respectively. A small increment of Tg (~3 °C) and considerable increment of the ash content proved the enhancement of PVAc thermal characterization in the presence of CSNs. FESEM results showed uniform dispersion of nanoparticles throughout the PVAc matrix due to using the in situ emulsion polymerization process. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48570.

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Biphenyl liquid crystal epoxy containing flexible chain: Synthesis and thermal properties

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A biphenyl type liquid crystal epoxy (LCE) monomer 4,4′‐di(2,3‐epoxyhexyloxy)biphenyl (LCBP4) containing flexible chain was synthesized and the curing behavior was investigated using 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent. The effect of curing condition on the formation of the liquid crystalline phase was examined. The cured samples show good mechanical properties and thermal stabilities. Moreover, the relationship between thermal conductivity and structure of liquid crystalline domain was also discussed. The samples show high thermal conductivity up to 0.28–0.31 W/(m*K), which is 1.5 times as high as that of conventional epoxy systems. In addition, thermal conductive filler, Al2O3, was introduced into LCBP4/DDM to obtain higher thermal conductive composites. When the content of Al2O3 was 80 wt%, the thermal conductivity of the composite reached to 1.86 W/(m*K), while that of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (Bis‐A) epoxy resin/DDM/Al2O3 was 1.15 W/(m*K). Compared with Bis‐A epoxy resin, the formation of liquid crystal domains in the cured LCE resin enhanced the thermal conductivity synergistically with the presence of Al2O3. Furthermore, the introduction of Al2O3 also slightly increased the thermal stabilities of the cured LCE.

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Path to achieving molecular dispersion in a dense reactive mixture

Cited by 83 publications

References 33 publications

An analysis of the role of nonreactive plasticizers in the crosslinking reactions of a rigid resin

An analysis of the role of nonreactive plasticizers in the crosslinking reactions of a rigid resin

In situ emulsion polymerization and characterization of PVAc nanocomposites including colloidal silica nanoparticles for wood specimens bonding

Biphenyl liquid crystal epoxy containing flexible chain: Synthesis and thermal properties

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