Pathogen Detection in Khasi Mandarin Orange using Serological and Electronic Nose Diagnostic Technique

Abstract

The inherent ability of most living organisms to perceive their immediate environment based on sensory responses has immensely contributed to their survival in the harshest of conditions. Animals rely on their olfactory sense to assess the quality of food before intake. This paper addresses a technique of using the electronic nose for distinguishing Khasi Mandarin orange plants infected by a virus called Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) in terms of their degree of infection. Leaves from 16 plants were collected and, tested for CTV infection using the standard serological test, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), prior to electronic nose (e-nose) analysis. Essential oil was extracted from the leaves using hydro distillation and the extracted oils were analyzed with commercial e-nose system Alpha MOSFOX 3000 system. Bootstrapped ensemble of support vector classifier was used for classifying the samples. The classifier model was optimized with the best parameters and a kernel specific performance evaluation was done for finding out the best model for classification. Among the linear, radial basis function and polynomial kernels, the linear kernel of the classifier performed the best among all the kernels with an accuracy of 97.67% and a Cohen's Kappa score of 95.25% . Dimensionality reduction techniques like principle component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were also used for graphical visualization of the classification boundaries. The dimensionally reduced dataset was also fitted to the optimized bootstrap ensemble support vector classifier and the performance of the classifier was analyzed. The performance scores of the classifier models reveal the possibility of using e-nose technique in detecting CTV infected plants.

Integrated Management of Pathogens and Microbes in Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabis) under Greenhouse Conditions

“…A custom-built e-nose device was used for early detection of fungal infections in garlic, distinguishing between garlic infected by different fungi ( Fusarium oxysporum , Alternaria embellisia , and Botrytis allii ) [ 141 ]. Hazarika et al [ 142 ] utilized the Alpha MOSFOX 3000 e-nose system to identify Khasi Mandarin orange plants infected by citrus tristeza virus (CTV) with high accuracy by analyzing essential oils extracted from leaves. These studies collectively highlight the versatility of e-nose systems in agricultural applications, underscoring their potential utility in diagnosing cannabis diseases.…”

Emerging Methods of Monitoring Volatile Organic Compounds for Detection of Plant Pests and Disease

“…Samples were collected using dynamic headspace sampling and analyzed using LDA, SVM and BPNN. Hazaika et al [48] used the Alpha MOS Fox 3000 (a MOS sensor array; Alpha MOS, Toulouse, France) to discriminate between plants mildly and moderately infected with Citrus Tristeza Virus, with a discrimination accuracy as high as 97.67%. Kresnawaty et al [49] used an 8 MOS sensor array to detect and distinguish between species of Ganoderma fungal infection in oil palm, with accuracies of 99.64%.…”