Pathogen evolution and disease emergence in carnivores

McCarthy, Alex J.; Shaw, Marie‐Anne; Goodman, Simon J.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0884

Cited by 162 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule has long been proposed as a morbillivirus receptor (Tatsuo et al, 2001), and although exact virus:receptor interactions are unknown, it is now generally accepted that multiple receptors are utilized by these viruses (Fujita et al, 2007) and that this must have a significant effect on the potential for species-to-species transmission (von Messling et al, 2001). For CDV, it has been demonstrated that molecular adaptation at specific receptor-binding sites of the H gene is associated with the spread of this virus from dogs to novel noncanid hosts in the wild (McCarthy et al, 2007). It is possible that the Cape fur seals lack the necessary receptors to enable infection with the Namibian CDV strain, as it is known that different seal species vary in their susceptibility to PDV (Hall, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Pathology, and Genetic Analysis of a Canine Distemper Epidemic in Namibia

Gowtage-Sequeira

Banyard

Barrett

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Severe population declines have resulted from the spillover of canine distemper virus (CDV) into susceptible wildlife, with both domestic and wild canids being involved in the maintenance and transmission of the virus. This study (March 2001 to October 2003 collated case data, serologic, pathologic, and molecular data to describe the spillover of CDV from domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) to black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) during an epidemic on the Namibian coast. Antibody prevalence in jackals peaked at 74.1%, and the clinical signs and histopathologic observations closely resembled those observed in domestic dog cases. Viral RNA was isolated from the brain of a domestic dog from the outbreak area. Sequence data from the phosphoprotein (P) gene and the hemagglutinin (H) genes were used for phylogenetic analyses. The P gene sequence from the domestic dog shared 98% identity with the sequence data available for other CDV isolates of African carnivores. For the H gene, the two sequences available from the outbreak that decimated the lion population in Tanzania in 1994 were the closest match with the Namibian sample, being 94% identical across 1,122 base pairs (bp). Phylogenetic analyses based on this region clustered the Namibian sample with the CDV that is within the morbilliviruses. This is the first description of an epidemic involving black-backed jackals in Namibia, demonstrating that this species has the capacity for rapid and large-scale dissemination of CDV. This work highlights the threat posed to endangered wildlife in Namibia by the spillover of CDV from domestic dog populations. Very few sequence data are currently available for CDV isolates from African carnivores, and this work provides the first sequence data from a Namibian CDV isolate.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Pathology, and Genetic Analysis of a Canine Distemper Epidemic in Namibia

Gowtage-Sequeira

Banyard

Barrett

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…The previously described eight lineages of CDV (McCARTHY; SHAW; GOODMAN, 2007;WOMA et al, 2010) were clearly characterized when the strains were compared. The strains of CDV from Brazil seemed to form a distinct cluster, but one strain (EU098102) was distant from the others, suggesting that there might be two strains of CDV circulating within northern Paraná.…”

Section: Etiology and Viral Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is approximately 10% variation in the amino acid sequences of the H protein, with biological effects on the virus-host reactions (KAPIL et al, 2008), and since it is one of the most variable morbillivirus proteins (PARDO; JOHNSON; KLEIBOEKER, 2005), has been extensively used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships of CDV lineages worldwide (PARDO; JOHNSON; KLEIBOEKER, 2005;McCARTHY;SHAW;GOODMAN, 2007;KAPIL et al, 2008;WOMA et al, 2010). Further, an adequate immune response by the host to this hemagglutinin protein might prevent infection (MARTELLA; ELIA; BUONAVOGLIA, 2008).…”

Section: Etiology and Viral Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The H protein is fundamental for infection, since it recognizes compatible ligands on the surface of the host cell (MACLACHLAN; DUBOVI, 2011), and activates the F protein by tissues-specific proteases resulting in infection (McCARTHY; SHAW; GOODMAN, 2007). There is approximately 10% variation in the amino acid sequences of the H protein, with biological effects on the virus-host reactions (KAPIL et al, 2008), and since it is one of the most variable morbillivirus proteins (PARDO; JOHNSON; KLEIBOEKER, 2005), has been extensively used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships of CDV lineages worldwide (PARDO; JOHNSON; KLEIBOEKER, 2005;McCARTHY;SHAW;GOODMAN, 2007;KAPIL et al, 2008;WOMA et al, 2010).…”

Section: Etiology and Viral Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological features and the neuropathological manifestations of canine distemper virus-induced infections in Brazil: a review

et al. 2012

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This review provides a critical review of current epidemiological trends of canine distemper virus (CDV) and syndromes related to canine distemper encephalitis (CDE) with specific reference to the situation in Brazil. Epidemiological data relative to susceptible animal populations, prevalence, seasonal occurrence, and age-related patterns associated with CDV are discussed. The participation of mongrel dogs in maintaining CDV within rural and semi-urban canine populations and their importance in the epidemiology of canine distemper is highlighted. The economic impact of treating the clinical manifestations associated with CDV-induced infections in Brazil is estimated. Additionally, neurological and neuropathological manifestations of CDV in Brazil are discussed, and a novel manifestation of CDE is proposed. Key words: Dog, canine distemper, epidemiology, neuropathology ResumoEsse manuscrito apresenta uma revisão crítica das tendências epidemiológicas associadas a cinomose canina (CDV) e às síndromes relacionadas à encefalite por cinomose com referência específica à situação no Brasil. Os dados epidemiológicos relativos às populações de animais suscetíveis, prevalência, sazonalidade e os padrões relacionados à idade foram discutidos. Também é enfocada nessa revisão a participação de cães de rua na manutenção do CDV nas populações caninas nas áreas rurais e nas regiões semiurbanas e a sua importância na epidemiologia da cinomose. Foi ainda estimado o impacto econômico relacionado ao tratamento das manifestações clínicas associadas à cinomose no Brasil. Adicionalmente, as manifestações neurológicas e neuropatológicas da cinomose são discutidas e uma manifestação neuropatológica inédita da infecção é sugerida.

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“…CDV affects animals, such as dogs and other carnivorous mammals (26). CDV is a single-stranded RNA virus in the paramyxovirus family.…”

Section: Canine Distemper Virus (Cdv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectobesity: a New Area for Microbiological and Virological Research

Nam

2011

J Bacteriol Virol

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Obesity is connected with numerous diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and nervous system dysfunctions. Obesity is affected by genetic, environmental, and cultural factors. However, numerous studies indicate that several pathogens might cause obesity. This review discusses recent data and the characteristics of pathogens that are implicated in obesity. In particular, human adenovirus 36 (Ad36) is the most clearly implicated virus in human obesity. It was recently shown that obese groups from the USA, Korea, and Italy have a higher prevalence of serum antibodies against Ad36. The mechanisms of Ad36-induced obesity remain unclear. However, glucose uptake and inflammation are possible mechanisms of Ad36-induced obesity. Overall, this new understanding of causes of obesity has developed into the concept of 'infectobesity' and the possibility of developing a 'vaccine' or 'therapeutic agents' for obesity. million women were considered to be obese (Fig. 1A and 1B). Thus, more than one in ten of the world's adult population was obese. Close to 35 million overweight children live in developing countries and eight million in developed countries, which means that overweight children are a problem in all countries. Overweight and obesity also account for 44% of the diabetes burden, 23% of the ischemic heart disease burden, and between 7% and 41% of certain cancer burdens. Recently, the obesity rate among Koreans has increased drastically (Fig. 1C). In 1995, 11.7% of women and 18% of men were considered to be obese.However, 29.4% of women and 32.6% of men were considered obese in 2001 and the obese ratio recently increased further. There was also a noticeable increase in the ratio of obese children and adolescents (1).The costs of treating obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease account for 40% of total health expenditure in the USA and this recent trend is dramatically increasing (2).The social and economic cost of obesity therapy is more than 1 billion dollar and diabetes treatments account for 19.2% of the national medical insurance premium in Korea (3). Thus, obesity-related diseases are a severe loss to the national economy.There are many causes for obesity, such as genetics, medical problems, or psychiatric illness. Simply put, obesity is a result of an energy imbalance, where the energy intake is greater than energy expenditure (4) and excess energy accumulates in adipose tissue. Increasing rates of obesity at the societal level are attributed to easy access to a palatable diet, increased dependence on cars, and mechanized manufacturing. However, the recent increase in obesity might be

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Pathogen evolution and disease emergence in carnivores

Cited by 162 publications

References 69 publications

Epidemiology, Pathology, and Genetic Analysis of a Canine Distemper Epidemic in Namibia

Epidemiology, Pathology, and Genetic Analysis of a Canine Distemper Epidemic in Namibia

Epidemiological features and the neuropathological manifestations of canine distemper virus-induced infections in Brazil: a review

Infectobesity: a New Area for Microbiological and Virological Research

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