“…These biochemical abnor malities, together with vitamin D dysregulated metabolism and deranged bone turnover, constitute the CKD mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) [3], and being a major uremic toxin; the PTH may be responsible for long-term consequences in CKD [1]. Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) defines the presence of altered bone structure and composition in CKD, and it is one aspect of CKD-MBD, a multi-system disease entity involving abnormalities of mineral metabolism, ROD, and extraskeletal calcification [4,8].…”