Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Possible Therapeutic Options for COVID-19

Ullah, Md. Asad; Araf, Yusha; Sarkar, Bishajit; Moin, Abu Tayab; Reshad, Riyan Al Islam; Rahman, Md. Hasanur

doi:10.29333/jcei/8564

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…Moreover, Phase II trial of this candidate vaccine has been planned with the same inclusion criteria (ChiCTR2000031781). This is a genetically engineered vaccine candidate designed to deliver the gene of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein into human cells, and then generate the protein, which results in inducing the host immune response [ 127 ]. Ad5-nCoV has been developed with the same platform for the Ebola vaccine, successfully developed by CanSino Inc. and approved by the Chinese regulators in 2017 [ 8 ].…”

Section: Mrna Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccine: where are we now and where should we go?

Soleimanpour

Yaghoubi

2021

Expert Review of Vaccines

133

122

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Introduction The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has currently caused the pandemic with a high progressive speed and has been considered as the global public health crisis in 2020. This new member of the coronavirus family has created a potentially fatal disease, called coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Despite the continuous efforts of researchers to find effective vaccines and drugs for COVID-19, there is still no success in this matter. Areas covered Here, the literature regarding the COVID-19 vaccine candidates currently in the clinical trials, as well as main candidates in pre-clinical stages for development and research, were reviewed. These candidates have been developed under five different major platforms, including live-attenuated vaccine, mRNA-based vaccine, DNA vaccines, inactivated virus, and viral-vector-based vaccine. Expert opinion There are several limitations in the field of the rapid vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2, and other members of the coronavirus family such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The key challenges of designing an effective vaccine within a short time include finding the virulence ability of an emerging virus and potential antigen, choosing suitable experimental models and efficient route of administration, the immune-response study, designing the clinical trials, and determining the safety, as well as efficacy.

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Section: Mrna Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccine: where are we now and where should we go?

Soleimanpour

Yaghoubi

2021

Expert Review of Vaccines

133

122

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“…Ultimately this leads to death with a fatality rate per country ranging 0.05-19.4% for extreme cases, according to the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. The SARS-CoV-2 affects the respiratory system by preventing the correct oxygenation of blood as a result of increased mucous secretions that clog alveoli as well as tissue inflammation (Ullah et al, 2020). It also infects alveoli at the lungs by its endocytosis and replication, which generates an acute immune response (Glebov, 2020).…”

Section: Covid-19: Current Challenges and The Therapeutic Role Of Multidimensional Nanostructured Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also infects alveoli at the lungs by its endocytosis and replication, which generates an acute immune response (Glebov, 2020). Furthermore, it triggers the signal cascade for an acute inflammatory response through cytokine storms (Ullah et al, 2020). In addition to the initial attack on the respiratory system, the virus spreads to the digestive system, mainly affecting the colon, distal kidney, olfactory nervous, pancreas, liver, and potentially every tissue that expresses ACE2 receptor (Gavriatopoulou et al, 2020).…”

Section: Covid-19: Current Challenges and The Therapeutic Role Of Multidimensional Nanostructured Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern World Applications for Nano-Bio Materials: Tissue Engineering and COVID-19

Melchor-Martínez

Castillo

Macías-Garbett

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Over the past years, biomaterials-based nano cues with multi-functional characteristics have been engineered with high interest. The ease in fine tunability with maintained compliance makes an array of nano-bio materials supreme candidates for the biomedical sector of the modern world. Moreover, the multi-functional dimensions of nano-bio elements also help to maintain or even improve the patients’ life quality most securely by lowering or diminishing the adverse effects of in practice therapeutic modalities. Therefore, engineering highly efficient, reliable, compatible, and recyclable biomaterials-based novel corrective cues with multipurpose applications is essential and a core demand to tackle many human health-related challenges, e.g., the current COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, robust engineering design and properly exploited nano-bio materials deliver wide-ranging openings for experimentation in the field of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary scientific research. In this context, herein, it is reviewed the applications and potential on tissue engineering and therapeutics of COVID-19 of several biomaterials. Following a brief introduction is a discussion of the drug delivery routes and mechanisms of biomaterials-based nano cues with suitable examples. The second half of the review focuses on the mainstream applications changing the dynamics of 21st century materials. In the end, current challenges and recommendations are given for a healthy and foreseeable future.

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“…The pandemic of COVID‐19 is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and presents a challenge in regard to identifying effective drugs for prevention and treatment. Up to the time of writing this manuscript, there were no medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat COVID‐19 7 . However, the FDA recently created a new emergency programme, the Coronavirus Treatment Acceleration Programme (CTAP), aimed at speeding up research for the development of COVID‐19 treatments 8,9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of COVID‐19 Treatment containing both Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: A natural clinical trial

et al. 2020

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The goal of this study was to assess the clinical effectiveness and safety profile of the COVID‐19 treatment protocol (containing both hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin) in an Iraqi specialised hospital. Methods This prospective study used a pre‐ and post‐intervention design without a comparison group. The intervention was routine Ministry of Health (MOH) approved the management of COVID‐19 for all patients. The study was conducted in a public healthcare setting in Baghdad, Iraq from March 1st to May 25, 2020. The study outcome measures included the changes in clinical and biochemical parameters during the hospitalisation period. Paired t‐test and Chi‐square test were used to compare the measures of vital signs, lab tests and symptoms before and after treatment. Results The study included 161 patients who were admitted with positive RT‐PCR and clinical symptoms of COVID‐19. In terms of severity, 53 (32.9%) patients had amild condition, 47 (29.2%) had moderate condition, 35 (21.7%) had severe condition and 26 (16.1%) had critical condition. Most patients (84.5%) recovered and were discharged without symptoms after testing negative with RT‐PCR, while 11 (6.8%) patients died during the study period. The signs and symptoms of COVID‐19 were reduced significantly in response to a therapy regimen containing HCQ and azithromycin. The most common reported side effects were stomach pain, hypoglycemia, dizziness, itching, skin rash, QT prolongation, arrhythmia, and conjunctivitis. Conclusions This natural trial showed that the COVID‐19 regimen containing both HCQ and azithromycin can be helpful to promote the recovery of most patients and reduced their signs and symptoms significantly. It also shows some manageable side effects mostly those related to heart rhythm. In the absence of FDA‐approved medications to treat COVID‐19, the repurposing of HCQ and azithromycin to control the disease signs and symptoms can be useful.

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Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Possible Therapeutic Options for COVID-19

Cited by 9 publications

References 125 publications

COVID-19 vaccine: where are we now and where should we go?

COVID-19 vaccine: where are we now and where should we go?

Modern World Applications for Nano-Bio Materials: Tissue Engineering and COVID-19

Assessment of COVID‐19 Treatment containing both Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: A natural clinical trial

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