Pathogenic-bacterial water contamination in mountainous catchments

Schaffter, Nicole; Parriaux, A.

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00242-1

Cited by 54 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…monocytogenes has been isolated from a variety of different sources and environmental matrices, although its isolation from surface waters has rarely been reported (16,49). For a suite of different sized, mixed land-use catchment areas within the larger South Nation River watershed, we demonstrated that L. monocytogenes was repeatedly recovered in surface water over a 5-month sampling period, with frequencies comparable to previous findings from subsurface, surface, and saline waters (1,9,27,50). This result emphasizes the fact that L. monocytogenes is able to survive in an environment characterized by spatially and temporally changing physical (e.g., temperature, solar irradiation, flow) and chemical (e.g., oxygen concentration, pH, nutrients) properties.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…(1). L. monocytogenes was also isolated in 62% of freshwater samples from a California coast estuary (9) as well as in 6.4% of surface and groundwater samples from a mountainous region in Switzerland (50). The widespread distribution of this bacterium in watersheds that contain mixed agricultural and human recreational activity could be significant with respect to the transmission and epidemiology of zoonotic infections in livestock and wildlife (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Distribution and Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Surface Waters of the South Nation River Watershed, Ontario, Canada

Lyautey

Lapen

Wilkes

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

141

148

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Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen thought to be widely distributed in the environment. We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of L. monocytogenes isolates from surface waters derived from catchments within the South Nation River watershed (Ontario, Canada). This watershed is dominated by urban and rural development, livestock and crop production, and wildlife habitats. From June to November 2005, a total of 314 surface water samples were collected biweekly from 22 discrete sampling sites characterized by various upstream land uses. Presumptive Listeria spp. were isolated using a selective enrichment and isolation procedure, and 75 L. monocytogenes isolates were identified based on colony morphology, hemolytic activity, and amplification of three pathogenicity genes: iap, inlA, and hlyA. Thirty-two of 314 (10%) surface water samples were positive for the presence of L. monocytogenes, but detection ranged between 0 and 27% depending on the sampling date. Isolates belonging to serovar group 1/2a, 3a (50%) and group 4b, 4d, 4e (32%) were dominant. L. monocytogenes populations were resolved into 13 EcoRI ribotypes and 21 ApaI and 21 AscI pulsotypes. These had Simpson indexes of discrimination of up to 0.885. Lineage I-related isolates were dominant (61%) during the summer, whereas lineage II isolates were dominant (77%) in the fall. Isolates were, on average, resistant to 6.1 ؎ 2.1 antibiotics out of 17 tested. Half of the L. monocytogenes isolates exhibited potential virulence linked to the production of a functional internalin A, and some isolates were found to be moderately to highly virulent by in vitro Caco-2 plaque formation assay (up to 28% of entry). There was a statistically significant link between the occurrence of L. monocytogenes and proximity to an upstream dairy farm and degree of cropped land. Our data indicate that L. monocytogenes is widespread in the studied catchments, where it could represent a public health issue related to agricultural land use.Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for severe food-borne infections in humans and causes 20 to 50% mortality in susceptible populations, such as newborn children, the elderly, and immunocompromised persons (22,56). This bacterium is thought to be a saprophytic organism living naturally in the plant-soil environment, where it can survive for up to several months, being able to multiply in decaying vegetation but unlikely to multiply in soil (16). In the natural environment, biotic and abiotic factors shown to reduce L. monocytogenes survival are predation, high temperature, UV exposure, and low moisture (12,16,20). Soil texture also influences L. monocytogenes survival, but the availability of inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) does not influence survival (12).A possible agricultural route of human exposure is through the ingestion of uncooked food crops grown in soil irrigated with contaminated water and/or fertilized with Listeria-contaminated manur...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Surface Waters of the South Nation River Watershed, Ontario, Canada

Lyautey

Lapen

Wilkes

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

141

148

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“…Culturebased surveys for Y. enterocolitica in water have usually resulted in low occurrence rates (Shayegani et al 1981;Meadows & Snudden 1982;Vajdic 1985;Massa et al 1988;Gonul & Karapinar 1991;Brennhovd et al 1992;Arvanitidou et al 1994;Sandery et al 1996;Schaffter & Parriaux 2002;Cheyne et al 2009), although higher prevalence rates have been reported (Langeland 1983;Weagent & Kaysner 1983;Fukushima et al 1984). In most cases, non-pathogenic Yersinia strains were more frequently isolated, including Yersinia frederiksenii, Y. intermedia, Yersinia kristensenii and non-pathogenic Y. enterocolitica subtypes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in surface water by quantitative PCR amplification of the ail and yadA genes

Cheyne

Dyke

Anderson

et al. 2009

Journal of Water and Health

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Yersinia enterocolitica has been detected in surface water, and drinking untreated water is a risk factor for infection. PCR-based methods have been used to detect Y. enterocolitica in various sample types, but quantitative studies have not been conducted in water. In this study, quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based methods targeting the Yersinia virulence genes ail and yadA were used to survey the Grand River watershed in southern Ontario, Canada. Initial testing of reference strains showed that ail and yadA PCR assays were specific for pathogenic biotypes of Y. enterocolitica; however the genes were also detected in one clinical Yersinia intermedia isolate. A survey of surface water from the Grand River watershed showed that both genes were detected at five sampling locations, with the ail and yadA genes detected in 38 and 21% of samples, respectively. Both genes were detected more frequently at colder water temperatures.A screening of Yersinia strains isolated from the watershed showed that the ail gene was detected in three Y. enterocolitica 1A/O:5 isolates. Results of this study show that Yersinia virulence genes were commonly detected in a watershed used as a source of drinking water, and that the occurrence of these genes was seasonal.

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“…bacteriophages to simulate viruses, and microspheres to simulate bacteria and protozoans (e.g. Auckenthaler et al 2002;Craun et al 2002;DeBorde et al 1998;Edberg et al 1997;Flanigan and Rodgers 2003;Flynn 2003;Golas et al 2002;Herwaldt et al 1992;Lillis and Bissonnette 2001;Lisle and Rose 1995;Mahler et al 2000;Nasser et al 1993;Rossi et al 1998;Schaffter and Parriaux 2002;Szewzyk et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Microbial biocenoses in pristine aquifers and an assessment of investigative methods

2006

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The current knowledge of microbial biocenoses (communities) in pristine aquifers is presented in a review, which also discusses their relevance for questions of groundwater protection. Aquifers are heterogeneous on all scales and structured in a variety of habitats. The void spaces in many aquifers are small. The biocenoses are thus predominantly composed of microorganisms and, often, microinvertebrates. Larger voids and macroorganisms occur in karst cavities. Due to the absence of light, the biocenoses depend on chemical energy resources, which are, however, scarce in non-contaminated groundwater. The microorganisms thus show small cell sizes, low population densities and reduced activity; they developed specific strategies to survive oligotrophic conditions. The review also discusses the impact of contamination on the biocenoses, and the potential use of the biocenoses or specific organisms as indicators for groundwater quality, and the limits of this approach. Bacteria are either planktonic or attached to aquifer material, which requires both fluid and solid phase sampling. Most groundwater bacteria are viable but non-culturable. Consequently, cultivation techniques give an incomplete picture of the biocenoses, while methods from molecular microbiology provide genetic fingerprints of the entire community. Different analytical methods are available to count microorganisms, identify species, characterise microbial diversity, and measure activity.Résumé Cette revue expose l'état actuel des connaissances concernant les biocénoses microbiennes présentes dans les aquifères oligotrophes. L'impact d'une contamination sur les biocénoses est discuté, ainsi que le potentiel que Les bactéries sont planctoniques ou attachées aux matériaux de l'aquifère, ce qui demande unéchantillonnagè a la fois de l'eau et du substrat. De nombreuses méthodes sont aujourd'hui disponibles pour le comptage, l'identification et la caractérisation de la diversité, ainsi que la mesure des activités des organismes des aquifères. Comme la grande majorité des bactéries est viable mais non cultivable, les techniques de cultures actuelles ne donnent qu'une image incomplète des communautés, alors que les méthodes moléculaires développées récemment offrent la possibilité d'obtenir un profil de la communauté plus complet.Resumen Se presentauna reseña crítica del conocimiento actual de biocenosis microbiana (comunidades) en acuíferos prístinos la cual también discute su relevancia en términos de protección de aguas subterráneas. Los acuíferos son heterogéneos en todas las escalas y estructurados en una variedad de habitats. Los espacios vacíos en muchos acuíferos son pequeños. La biocenosis está por lo tanto compuesta predominantemente por microorganismos y, frecuentemente, microinvertebrados. Espacios más grandes y macroorganismos ocurren en cavidades kársticas. Debido a la ausencia de luz la biocenosis depende de recursos energéticos químicos los cuales, sin embargo, son escasos en agua subterránea no contaminada. Los microorganismos muestran...

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Pathogenic-bacterial water contamination in mountainous catchments

Cited by 54 publications

References 13 publications

Distribution and Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Surface Waters of the South Nation River Watershed, Ontario, Canada

Distribution and Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Surface Waters of the South Nation River Watershed, Ontario, Canada

The detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in surface water by quantitative PCR amplification of the ail and yadA genes

Review: Microbial biocenoses in pristine aquifers and an assessment of investigative methods

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