Pathogenic bacterium Vibrio harveyi: an endosymbiont in the marine parasitic ciliate protozoan Cryptocaryon irritans

Qiao, Ying; Wang, Jun; Mao, Yong; Liu, Min; Chen, Ruan-Ni; Su, Yongquan; Ke, Qiaozhen; Han, Kunhuang; Zheng, Weiqiang

doi:10.1007/s13131-017-1050-y

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The increased AMPs from large yellow croaker that were reported in a previous study or yellow drum in the current study may not necessarily be related to an immune response targeting the parasite. Invasion and breakdown of the mucosal matrix by parasites also increases the permeability to pathogens in the aquatic environment (Qiao et al., 2017), subsequently stimulating the expression of genes related to defensive responses mainly to bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The gill transcriptome reveals unique antimicrobial features that protect Nibeaalbiflora from Cryptocaryonirritans infection

Xie

Jiang

Miao

et al. 2021

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Cryptocaryonosis is the greatest threat to most teleost species among all parasitic diseases, causing mass loss to the marine aquaculture industry. Epidemiological investigation of teleost susceptibility to Cryptocaryon irritans infection revealed that yellow drum (Nibea albiflora) is highly resistant. In order to further understand the activation of the immune system in the gill, which is one of the main mucosal‐associated lymphoid tissues and a target of parasites, transcriptome analysis of the yellow drum gill was performed. Gill samples were collected from fish challenged after 24 hr and 72 hr with theronts at a median death rate (2050 theronts per gram fish). Gene expression profiles showed that TLR5 was the only receptor that activated the downstream immune response. The infection activated complement cascade through alternative pathway and increased the expression of C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1. In addition, possible antimicrobial molecules, including lipoprotein and haptoglobin, which are responsible for trypanolysis in humans, were among the top significantly upregulated genes at 24 hr. After 72 hr, the expression of secreted immunoglobulin T‐related genes was induced. These results suggested a rapid innate and adaptive immune response at the mucosal level. In conclusion, the results provide new perspectives on mucosal immune resistance in yellow drum against cryptocaryonosis and provide the possibility of mining resistance genes for future therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The gill transcriptome reveals unique antimicrobial features that protect Nibeaalbiflora from Cryptocaryonirritans infection

Xie

Jiang

Miao

et al. 2021

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…Furthermore, it has been shown that V. cholerae can access the contractile vacuole in A. castellanii and escape to the extracellular environment (Van der Henst et al, 2016). V. harveyi survives in the cytoplasm of the obligate parasitic marine ciliated protozoan, C. irritans (Qiao et al, 2017). Vibrio splendidus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus invade and survive intracellularly in other hosts such as oyster hemocytes (Duperthuy et al, 2011) and human epithelial cells (de Souza Santos and Orth, 2014), respectively.…”

Section: Intracellular Survival Of Vibrio Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reports have shown that V. cholerae and V. harveyi can resist the intracellular environment in the amoeba, Acanthamoeba castellanii (Abd et al, 2004(Abd et al, , 2005(Abd et al, , 2007Saeed et al, 2007;Shanan et al, 2016;Van der Henst et al, 2016 and the ciliate, Cryptocaryon irritans (Qiao et al, 2017) respectively. In addition, the release of V. cholerae in expelled food vacuoles (EFVs) has recently been demonstrated to increase fitness in vitro and in vivo (Espinoza-Vergara et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Protozoan Predation on the Pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae

et al. 2020

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In the aquatic environment, Vibrio spp. interact with many living organisms that can serve as a replication niche, including heterotrophic protists, or protozoa. Protozoa engulf bacteria and package them into phagosomes where the cells are exposed to low pH, antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, proteolytic enzymes, and low concentrations of essential metal ions such as iron. However, some bacteria can resist these digestive processes. For example, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio harveyi can resist intracellular digestion. In order to survive intracellularly, bacteria have acquired and/or developed specific factors that help them to resist the unfavorable conditions encountered inside of the phagosomes. Many of these intra-phagosomal factors used to kill and digest bacteria are highly conserved between eukaryotic cells and thus are also expressed by the innate immune system in the gastrointestinal tract as the first line of defense against bacterial pathogens. Since pathogenic bacteria have been shown to be hypervirulent after they have passed through protozoa, the resistance to digestion by protist hosts in their natural environment plays a key role in enhancing the infectious potential of pathogenic Vibrio spp. This review will investigate the current knowledge in interactions of bacteria with protozoa and human host to better understand the mechanisms used by both protozoa and human hosts to kill bacteria and the bacterial response to them.

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“…The presence of Vibrio harveyi (Johnson et Shunk, 1936) Reichelt et Baumann 1973 within the tomonts of Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 demonstrates a potential symbiotic relationship between these two pathogens (Qiao et al . , 2017). Zaila et al .…”

Section: Synergistic Interactions Between Fish Ciliate Parasites and mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The enhancement of two important bacterial pathogens, Aeromonas salmonicida (Lehmann et Neumann, 1896) and Edwardsiella tarda Ewing et al, 1965, that are ingested by Tetrahymena pyriformis (Ehrenberg, 1830), was suggested to be connected with the uptake of intracellular nutrients by bacteria (King & Shotts, 1988). The presence of Vibrio harveyi (Johnson et Shunk, 1936) Reichelt et Baumann 1973 within the tomonts of Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 demonstrates a potential symbiotic relationship between these two pathogens (Qiao et al, 2017). Zaila et al (2017) reported the habitation of endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus megaira in I. multifiliis, concluding that the bacteria might be acquired by I. multifiliis as these ciliates feed on the external epithelial layers of fish.…”

Section: Synergistic Interactions Between Fish Ciliate Parasites and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling associations between ciliate parasites and bacterial microbiomes under warm‐water fish farm conditions – a review

Jahangiri

Shinn

Pratoomyot

et al. 2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Intensive fish production has arguably resulted in a consequential increase in the incidence of disease within the aquaculture industry. The frequency and the severity of disease events are in part affected by changing global climatic conditions. More importantly, these changes directly influence changes in water quality parameters and the dynamics of a microbiome, pathogenic or not, in aquatic farming. Changes in temperature, for example, have both direct and indirect effects on the health status of fish, potentially increasing their predisposition to infections. In general terms, fish infections are rarely caused by a single agent or factor – frequently, multiple pathogens, changes in water quality parameters, production factors (e.g. feed quality, stocking density) and host immunity are concomitantly responsible for the establishment of infections in fish farms. Ciliate protozoans represent an important microfauna in aquatic environments. Ciliated protozoans can proliferate quickly, debilitating the host, and, in the absence of an intervention, can lead to a significant loss of stock. Ciliate infections frequently facilitate the establishment of secondary microbial species, both of which are linked to environmental and culture conditions. In this review, economically important ciliated protozoans of warm‐water cultured fish and their potential interactions with their associated bacterial microbiomes (both on/in their hosts and their surrounding environment) are discussed. Also, potential environmental triggers behind ciliate outbreaks within warm‐water aquaculture are reviewed. With better knowledge about such interactions, it will be possible to highlight innovative strategies to control ciliate parasites and bacterial infections in aquaculture.

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Pathogenic bacterium Vibrio harveyi: an endosymbiont in the marine parasitic ciliate protozoan Cryptocaryon irritans

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

The gill transcriptome reveals unique antimicrobial features that protect Nibeaalbiflora from Cryptocaryonirritans infection

The gill transcriptome reveals unique antimicrobial features that protect Nibeaalbiflora from Cryptocaryonirritans infection

The Impact of Protozoan Predation on the Pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae

Unveiling associations between ciliate parasites and bacterial microbiomes under warm‐water fish farm conditions – a review

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