Pathogenic obesity and nutraceuticals

Abstract

Over a decade of intense research in the field of obesity has led to the knowledge that chronic, excessive adipose tissue expansion leads to an increase in the risk for CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer. This is primarily thought to stem from the low-grade, systemic inflammatory response syndrome that characterises adipose tissue in obesity, and this itself is thought to arise from the complex interplay of factors including metabolic endotoxaemia, increased plasma NEFA, hypertrophic adipocytes and localised hypoxia. Plasma concentrations of vitamins and antioxidants are lower in obese individuals than in the non-obese, which is hypothesised to negatively affect the development of inflammation and disease in obesity. This paper provides a review of the current literature investigating the potential of nutraceuticals to ameliorate the development of oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity, thereby limiting the onset of obesity complications. Research has found nutraceuticals able to positively modulate the activity of adipocyte cell lines and further positive effects have been found in other aspects of pathogenic obesity. While their ability to affect weight loss is still controversial, it is clear that they have a great potential to reverse the development of overweight and obesity-related comorbidities; this, however, still requires much research especially that utilising well-structured randomised controlled trials.

An Anti-Inflammatory Sterol Decreases Obesity-Related Inflammation-Induced Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Dysregulation

“…Traditionally, erythroid hematology values are considered stable in healthy individuals, and hemoglobin and HbA1c turnover is reported to reflect the normal red cell half-life of 38–60 days [10]. In T2DM, the life span of red cells can be altered significantly by inflammation, particularly TNF α -induced oxidative stress [11], obese low-grade systemic inflammatory response syndrome [12], the presence of elevated levels of advanced glycation endproducts on the surface of red cells [13, 14], hypoxia [15], and excessive erythrocytosis [16]. There are reports of large fluctuations in HbA1c in type 1 diabetes [17], especially in subjects with poor glycemic control [18, 19].…”

Citrus aurantium L. Dry Extracts Ameliorate Adipocyte Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Cells Exposed to TNFα by Down-Regulating miR-155 Expression

“…Nutraceuticals have been used for decades now in weight management in obese individuals and are described to modulate adipogenesis and to have other positive effects on obesity pathogenesis [27]. Growing evidence sustains the hypothesis that dietary modulation of miRNA expression may explain in part some of the beneficial effects of nutraceuticals on health [24][25][26].…”

“…Nutraceuticals, which encompass all the substances derived from plants and food sources that provide medical or health benefits, have been described as modulating miRNA expression [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. As well as this, nutraceuticals are known to regulate adipocyte cell line activity [ 27 ]. In line with this, we have recently demonstrated the nutraceutical properties of CA de, a dry extract preparation obtained from Citrus aurantium L. ( CA de) fruit juice, on the regulation of 3T3-L1 cell adipocyte differentiation and function [ 28 ].…”

The influence of a 3-week body mass reduction program on the metabolic parameters and free amino acid profiles in adult Polish people with obesity

“…Obesity results from energy homeostasis disorders, caused by an excessive intake of calories in relation to energy expenditure, and other lifestyle-related factors, such as a sedentary job and inactivity. 1,2 In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the study of the human metabolome in obesity. The term "metabolome" is defined as the complete set of all metabolites in the body, tissues or cells (e.g., amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, or nucleotides).…”