Pathogenic Role of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Obesity and Obesity-Related Inflammatory Diseases

Abstract

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are adult stem cells, endowed with self-renewal, multipotent capacities, and immunomodulatory properties, as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from other origins. However, in a pathological context, ASCs like MSCs can exhibit pro-inflammatory properties and attract inflammatory immune cells at their neighborhood. Subsequently, this creates an inflammatory microenvironment leading to ASCs’ or MSCs’ dysfunctions. One such example is given by obesity where adipogenesis is impaired and insulin resistance is initiated. These opposite properties have led to the classification of MSCs into two categories defined as pro-inflammatory ASC1 or anti-inflammatory ASC2, in which plasticity depends on the micro-environmental stimuli. The aim of this review is to (i) highlight the pathogenic role of ASCs during obesity and obesity-related inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer; and (ii) describe some of the mechanisms leading to ASCs dysfunctions. Thus, the role of soluble factors, adhesion molecules; TLRs, Th17, and Th22 cells; γδ T cells; and immune checkpoint overexpression will be addressed.

Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) Protects Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASC) against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Development and Reduces Inflammation during Adipogenesis

“…Moreover, we evaluated sufficient markers of the chronic inflammation state, which usually occurs simultaneously with ER stress and activation of the unfolded protein response in many diseases, including diabetes and obesity [ 31 ]. The inflammatory status of HuASCs can contribute to pathological changes in adipocytes, resulting in the secretion of adipokines and proinflammatory cytokines, thus disturbing their beneficial regenerative and immunomodulatory properties [ 32 ]. Many studies have been published related to this, including our own that focus on improving the potential of HuASCs in regenerative medicine, including low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy [ 33 ], external magnetic field [ 34 ], 5-Azacytydine and resveratrol treatment [ 35 ], astaxanthin treatment [ 36 ] and many more.…”

Systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with lower risk of hepatitis B virus infection: A multivariable Mendelian randomization study in East Asian population

“…The impact of obesity on the development and progression of autoimmune diseases has been established in prior research 43,44 . Additionally, RA, as an autoimmune disease, often cooccurs with SLE 45 .…”

“…The impact of obesity on the development and progression of autoimmune diseases has been established in prior research. 43,44 Additionally, RA, as an autoimmune disease, often cooccurs with SLE. 45 Given multiple exposures and effectors, to further ascertain the causal relationship between SLE and HBV, we included BMI and RA in a multivariable MR analysis.…”

Brown Adipose Tissue, Batokines, and Bioactive Compounds in Foods: An Update

“…[37] During the onset of obesity, the secretion of batokines is altered, and BAT plays a central role in the development and progression of NCDs. [38] NCDs include NAFLD, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and musculoskeletal disorders [39,40] (Figure 4). In this sense, BAT and the batokines deserve attention, especially the Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 (FGF21), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGFA), Neuroregulin-4 (NRG4), Myostatin, and 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (12,13-diHOME).…”

“…[ 37 ] During the onset of obesity, the secretion of batokines is altered, and BAT plays a central role in the development and progression of NCDs. [ 38 ]…”