Pathogenicity Factors of Botryosphaeriaceae Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases: New Developments on Their Action on Grapevine Defense Responses

Abstract

Botryosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi associated with the decay of a large number of woody plants with economic importance and causing particularly great losses in viticulture due to grapevine trunk diseases. In recent years, major advances in the knowledge of the pathogenicity factors of these pathogens have been made possible by the development of next-generation sequencing. This review highlights the knowledge gained on genes encoding small secreted proteins such as effectors, carbohydrate-associated enzymes, transporters and genes associated with secondary metabolism, their representativeness within the Botryosphaeriaceae family and their expression during grapevine infection. These pathogenicity factors are particularly expressed during host–pathogen interactions, facilitating fungal development and nutrition, wood colonization, as well as manipulating defense pathways and inducing impacts at the cellular level and phytotoxicity. This work highlights the need for further research to continue the effort to elucidate the pathogenicity mechanisms of this family of fungi infecting grapevine in order to improve the development of control methods and varietal resistance and to reduce the development and the effects of the disease on grapevine harvest quality and yield.

Host-pathogen interaction between pitaya and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum reveals the mechanisms of immune response associated with defense regulators and metabolic pathways

“…N. dimidiatum belongs to the class Dothideomycetes and the Botryosphaeriaceae family, known for being destructive blight and canker pathogens of plants [ 6 ]. N. dimidiatum colonizes the young stems of pitaya, causing them to turn from green to yellow and develop brown spots.…”

Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics reveal the potential pathogenic mechanism of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum on pitaya

“…Neoscytalidium dimidiatum belongs to the class Dothideomycetes and the Botryosphaeriaceae family, known for being destructive blight and canker pathogens of plants ( 8 , 9 ). Members of this family can establish infections through wounds or natural openings such as lenticels and stomata ( 9 ).…”

“…Neoscytalidium dimidiatum belongs to the class Dothideomycetes and the Botryosphaeriaceae family, known for being destructive blight and canker pathogens of plants ( 8 , 9 ). Members of this family can establish infections through wounds or natural openings such as lenticels and stomata ( 9 ). They secrete plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), toxins, and other effector proteins that invade plants and suppress disease resistance gene expression ( 10 , 11 ).…”

“…Lignin peroxidase, laccase, and polyphenol oxidase are released to help them to access nutrients and protect against host defenses ( 11 , 12 ). For example, Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia seriata encode many PCWDEs, particularly pectate lyases, which cause local degradation of the plant cell wall, allowing the fungi to enter the cells to take up nutrients in the plant and disrupting the plant cell structure ( 9 , 10 , 13 ). Additionally, Fusarium graminearum , Lasiodiplodia theobromae , and Blumeria graminis , secrete large amounts of lipase ( 10 , 14 , 15 ), which is crucial for fungal penetration of host tissues ( 16 ), growth and adhesion, and manipulation of host defenses ( 17 ).…”

Journal of Water and Land Development

“…Some of these response mechanisms are activated independently of the antimicrobial nature, whereas others are triggered by infection [MANNIELLO et al 2021]. Other plant defensive mechanisms include the creation of polymeric barriers to prevent pathogen entry and the production of pathogen cell wall destroying enzymes (PCWDEs) [BELAIR et al 2022;TYŚKIEWICZ et al 2022]. Plant pathogens generate PCWDEs as a subgroup of carbohydrate-active enzymes to deteriorate plant cell walls.…”