Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes to dipteran leaf miners, house flies and mushroom flies

Abstract

Background The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), especially in the 2 families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, are important biocontrol agents against insect pests. The leaf miners (Fam.: Agromyzidae) are cosmopolitan insect pests. There are more than 330 Liriomyza spp. including more than 20 species that have been reported as economically important pests of field crops, ornamentals and vegetables. The house flies are serious insect pests for human and animals. More than 100 human and animal diseases have been associated with house flies. Mushroom flies (phorid and sciarid families) are among the main arthropod pests affecting the cultivation of mushroom throughout the world. Results Virulence of EPNs differed clearly even on the same insect species and/or by the same nematode species. Such differences might be attributed to the method of treatment, the age of the stage of the insect as well as the concentrations of the tested nematodes. Laboratory studies revealed that the tested nematodes proved to be moderate to highly virulent to larvae as percentage of mortality reached 100%. As for pupae, some studies revealed their moderate or high susceptibility to nematodes, whereas others showed low susceptibility or resistance to infection. Treated adults, or those emerged from treated larvae or pupae, are also susceptible to infection. Conclusion Laboratory studies proved the virulence of EPNs to larvae of the 3 dipteran families. Semi-field and field trials indicated that they could successfully reduce the populations of some treated insects without affect the others.

Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes against Common Wireworm Species in Potato Cultivation

“…The high virulence of tested EPNs in this study is in line with Ansari et al [ 34 ], Morton and Garcia-del-Pino [ 42 ], and Sandhi et al [ 43 ] who reported mortality between 50 and 75% in wireworm species. It is a well-known fact that the pathogenicity of EPNs on the same host species differs greatly among species and even strains [ 44 , 45 ]. Therefore, preliminary pathogenicity screening tests provide valuable information before evaluation of performance of EPNs [ 46 ].…”

An Updated Review on Functionalized Graphene as Sensitive Materials in Sensing of Pesticides

“…Cry proteins are the first‐generation insecticidal PIPs added to genetically modified (GM) crops. They are generated from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) [127–129] …”

Can Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Symbiotic Bacteria Suppress Fruit Fly Pests? A Review

“…Studies on the effect of ENs on fruit flies have been conducted on the third-instar larvae of different fruit fly species, such as Anastrepha fraterculus , A. ludens , A. obliqua , A. serpentina , A. suspensa , Ceratitis capitata , C. rosa , Bactrocera dorsalis , B. litrofons , B. oleae , B. tryoni , B. zonata , Dacus ciliatus , D. curcubitae , D. dorsalis , Rhagoletis indifferens , R. cerasi , R. pomonella , and Zeugodacus cucurbitae usually provided by laboratories that produce them using artificial larval diets according to the specifications established for each species and laboratory [ 9 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. For some species, third instar larvae have been obtained from fruits infested by gravid wild females in controlled conditions [ 44 , 45 ] and others from infested fruits collected in field conditions for obtaining the larvae [ 10 , 46 ].…”

“…The Bedding method was subsequently developed [49], adopting the use of Erlenmeyer flasks with polyurethane foam, which were later replaced by sterilizable bags and a sterile air pumping system [47] (Figure 1). pomonella, and Zeugodacus cucurbitae usually provided by laboratories that produce them using artificial larval diets according to the specifications established for each species and laboratory [9,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. For some species, third instar larvae have been obtained from fruits infested by gravid wild females in controlled conditions [44,45] and others from infested fruits collected in field conditions for obtaining the larvae [10,46].…”