Pathogenicity of four strains of staphylococci isolated from chickens with clinical tenosynovitis

Bone circulatory disturbances in the development of spontaneous bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis: a translational model for the pathogenesis of femoral head necrosis

“…The vascular plexus includes a tuft of capillaries possessing a fenestrated endothelium, with fenestrations large enough to permit cellular elements of the blood to pass into spaces within the cartilaginous matrix (Figures 2 and 5; Beaumont, 1967; Lutfi, 1970b; Hunt et al, 1979; Howlett, 1980; Emslie and Nade, 1983, 1985; Howlett et al, 1984). Bacteria transmitted to chicks from breeder parents, contaminated eggshells, or hatchery sources (Skeeles, 1997; McCullagh et al, 1998; Rodgers et al, 1999; McNamee and Smyth, 2000; Kense and Landman, 2011), or that enter the chick’s circulation via translocation through the integument, respiratory system, or gastrointestinal tract (Mutalib et al, 1983a,b; Andreasen et al, 1993; Thorp et al, 1993b; McNamee et al, 1999) spread hematogenously and can exit the bloodstream through the fenestrated endothelium at the tips of a vascular plexus on either side of the growth plate, or within the epiphyseal cartilage (Emslie and Nade, 1983, 1985). Hematogenously distributed bacteria possessing the specific ability to bind to bone collagen are significantly more virulent in their capacity to trigger osteomyelitis (Smeltzer and Gillaspy, 2000).…”

“…The translocated bacteria adhere directly to the cartilage matrix, they colonize osteochondrotic clefts and zones of necrosis, and they form obstructive emboli in the metaphyseal vasculature. Neither cellular components of the immune system nor antibiotics appear capable of gaining access to established bacterial foci and sequestrate (Figures 5 and 6; Emslie and Nade, 1983; Emslie et al, 1983; Kibenge et al, 1983; Speers and Nade, 1985; Alderson et al, 1986a,b; Alderson and Nade, 1987; Thorp, 1988b; Thorp et al, 1993b; McNamee et al, 1998, 1999; McNamee and Smyth, 2000; Smeltzer and Gillaspy, 2000; Kense and Landman, 2011). Osteochondrotic clefts often truncate epiphyseal and metaphyseal blood vessels, contributing to focal ischemia, and necrosis.…”

“…Multiple opportunistic organisms have been isolated from BCO lesions, including Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , and Enterococcus cecorum , often in mixed cultures with other bacteria including Salmonella spp. (Nairn and Watson, 1972; Andreasen et al, 1993; Tate et al, 1993; Thorp et al, 1993b; McNamee et al, 1998; Butterworth, 1999; Smeltzer and Gillaspy, 2000; Joiner et al, 2005; Dinev, 2009; Stalker et al, 2010; Kense and Landman, 2011). …”

A Review of Current Knowledge on Staphylococcus agnetis in Poultry

“…Such infections are common in poultry and are mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus , the species most frequently isolated from birds diagnosed with staphylococcosis and the most pathogenic Staphylococcus species [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Locations from which S. aureus has been most commonly isolated include the proximal femur, proximal tibiotarsus, tendon sheaths, hock joints, pododermatitis lesions, heart, and liver [ 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Diseases promoted by staphylococci are often chronic in nature.…”

Separation of phagocytic leukocytes from the peripheral blood of chickens

“…Stocks of Staphylococcus hyicus strain 1609 (Kibenge et al, 1983) were maintained in a mixture of equal volumes of glycerol and brain heart infusion broth (Oxoid Ltd, Basingstoke, England) at -70°C, and were cultured on sheep blood agar as required. Isolated colonies were subcultured into tryptone soya broth (TSB; Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, England) and incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The bacteria were washed twice with TSB, resuspended in 5 ml TSB and adjusted to a concentration of 5 x 10 8 bacteria/ml.…”