Pathogenicity of H5N8 avian influenza virus in chickens and in duck breeds and the role of MX1 and IFN-α in infection outcome and transmission to contact birds

El‐Shall, Nahed A.; Naby, Walaa S.H. Abd El; Hussein, Eid; Yonis, Ahlam E.; Sedeik, Mahmoud E.

doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102039

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 56 publications

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“…Moreover, many factors, such as the adaptation of the virus to the host, the immune response, tissue tropism, the infection dose and route, etc., result in differences in pathogenicity, infectivity and susceptibility. The interactions between all of these factors determine the transmission potential within and between flocks and at the wild bird–poultry interface [ 56 , 60 , 62 ]. The strong waterfowl adaptation of the 2016/17 HPAI H5N6 and 2021/22 HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, for example, resulted in high infectivity and transmissibility in Anseriformes compared to Galliformes, and also compared to the 2014/15 H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4.a viruses [ 56 , 60 , 61 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Clinical Manifestation of HPAI H5Nx in Different Poultry Types in the Netherlands, 2014–2022

Wolters,

Vernooij,

Spliethof

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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This study describes clinical manifestations of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, H5N8 and H5N6 outbreaks between 2014 and 2018 and 2020 and 2022 in the Netherlands for different poultry types and age groups. Adult duck (breeder) farms and juvenile chicken (broiler and laying pullet) farms were not diagnosed before 2020. Outbreaks in ducks decreased in 2020–2022 vs. 2014–2018, but increased for meat-type poultry. Neurological, locomotor and reproductive tract signs were often observed in ducks, whereas laying- and meat-type poultry more often showed mucosal membrane and skin signs, including cyanosis and hemorrhagic conjunctiva. Juveniles (chickens and ducks) showed neurological and locomotor signs more often than adults. Diarrhea occurred more often in adult chickens and juvenile ducks. Mortality increased exponentially within four days before notification in chickens and ducks, with a more fluctuating trend in ducks and meat-type poultry than in layers. For ducks, a mortality ratio (MR) > 3, compared to the average mortality of the previous week, was reached less often than in chickens. A lower percentage of laying flocks with MR > 3 was found for 2020–2022 vs. 2014–2018, but without significant differences in clinical signs. This study provides a basis for improvements in mortality- and clinical-sign-based early warning criteria, especially for juvenile chickens and ducks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Clinical Manifestation of HPAI H5Nx in Different Poultry Types in the Netherlands, 2014–2022

Wolters,

Vernooij,

Spliethof

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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Modelling molecular differences in the innate immune system responses of chickens and ducks to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus

Wood,

An,

Bryant

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) presents a global threat to chicken livestock; chickens infected by HPAIV tend to show severe symptoms and high mortality rates. In 2022, the largest recorded outbreak of HPAIV in Europe resulted in millions of chickens being culled in the UK alone to try to prevent further spread. Unlike chickens, mallard ducks show reduced symptom severity and lower mortality rates to HPAIV infection. Research into the immune system responses of these two species shows they differ in their molecular outputs: chickens produce a pro-inflammatory response; mallards produce an anti-viral response. These differences in immune responses are thought to be in part due to chickens missing pattern recognition receptor retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I). This project aimed to model the innate immune systems of chickens and mallard ducks to an abstracted molecular level. A literature search was conducted, and the immune systems were modelled in NetLogo as an avian innate immune response agent-based model (AIIRABM). The AIIRABM enabled examination of the relative importance of molecular differences between the chicken and mallard duck innate immune systems and produced similar differences in chicken and mallard duck molecular outputs to those observed in vitro and in vivo. Simulation experiments with the AIIRABM supported the molecular difference RIG-I as key in causing the differences in the chicken and mallard duck innate immune responses to HPAIV. The AIIRABM will be used in further research on the chicken and mallard duck immune responses to HPAIV as the baseline in an iterative modelling cycle.

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Development of a monoclonal antibody against duck IFN-γ protein and the application for Intracellular Cytokine Staining

Chen,

Song,

Chen

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a member of the type II IFN family, is a crucial cytokine in the immune system and serves as an important indicator of immune response. Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) is a technique used to analyze the production of cytokines within individual cells, and it has a wide range of applications in the fields of immunological monitoring, vaccine trials, and the study of infectious diseases. This study aimed to prepare monoclonal antibodies against duck IFN-γ protein and to establish an ICS protocol for detecting the duck IFN-γ protein. The duIFN-γ-His or duIFN-γ-Fc gene was cloned into the pEE12.4 expression vector and expressed as a recombinant protein of size 20.2 KDa or 54.9 KDa in 293F cells. The purified recombinant proteins were inoculated into BALB/c mice to generate splenic lymphocytes capable of secreting anti-duIFN-γ antibodies, and hybridoma cells were obtained after fusion with SP2/0 cells. A new hybridoma cell line named 24H4, which stably secreted IgG3 κ subtype antibody against duck IFN-γ. This monoclonal antibody (mAb) was identified by Western Blot to recognize duck IFN-γ antibodies, and the indirect ELISA results showed that its ability to recognize IFN-γ protein reached 0.001 μg/ml. The established ICS method was used to stain PBMCs after ConA stimulation, and duck IFN-γ protein was successfully detected by flow cytometry, indicating that the ICS method was successfully established. This study we use the monoclonal antibody, 24H4, provides a crucial tool for subsequent research on duck cellular immune responses.

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Pathogenicity of H5N8 avian influenza virus in chickens and in duck breeds and the role of MX1 and IFN-α in infection outcome and transmission to contact birds

Cited by 3 publications

References 56 publications

Comparison of the Clinical Manifestation of HPAI H5Nx in Different Poultry Types in the Netherlands, 2014–2022

Comparison of the Clinical Manifestation of HPAI H5Nx in Different Poultry Types in the Netherlands, 2014–2022

Modelling molecular differences in the innate immune system responses of chickens and ducks to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus

Development of a monoclonal antibody against duck IFN-γ protein and the application for Intracellular Cytokine Staining

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