Pathogenicity of Phytophthora pluvialis to Pinus radiata and its relation with red needle cast disease in New Zealand

Dick, M. A.; Williams, N.; Bader, Martin K.‐F.; Gardner, J. F.; Bulman, L. S.

doi:10.1186/s40490-014-0006-7

Cited by 59 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Suitable climatic regions for the persistence of P. ramorum and susceptible native hosts are widespread in Australia and New Zealand (Ireland et al 2013). Phytophthora pluvialis, a common and apparently benign species in western Oregon forests (Reeser et al 2013), has become a major pathogen of Pinus radiata in New Zealand (Dick et al 2014), but it has not been found on P. radiata within its native range in California. Also in New Zealand is the canker dieback of Kauri (Agathis austalis) caused by the newly described Phytophthora agathidicida, a pathogen of unknown origin (Weir et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

Burgess

White

McDougall

et al. 2017

Pac. Conserv. Biol.

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The introduction and subsequent impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi within native vegetation is one of the major conservation issues for biodiversity in Australia. Recently, many new Phytophthora species have been described from Australia's native ecosystems; however, their distribution, origin, and potential impact remain unknown. Historical bias in Phytophthora detection has been towards sites showing symptoms of disease, and traditional isolation methods show variable effectiveness of detecting different Phytophthora species. However, we now have at our disposal new techniques based on the sampling of environmental DNA and metabarcoding through the use of highthroughput sequencing. Here, we report on the diversity and distribution of Phytophthora in Australia using metabarcoding of 640 soil samples and we compare the diversity detected using this technique with that available in curated databases. Phytophthora was detected in 65% of sites, and phylogenetic analysis revealed 68 distinct Phytophthora phylotypes. Of these, 21 were identified as potentially unique taxa and 25 were new detections in natural areas and/or new introductions to Australia. There are 66 Phytophthora taxa listed in Australian databases, 43 of which were also detected in this metabarcoding study. This study revealed high Phytophthora richness within native vegetation and the additional records provide a valuable baseline resource for future studies. Many of the Phytophthora species now uncovered in Australia's native ecosystems are newly described and until more is known we need to be cautious with regard to the spread and conservation management of these new species in Australia's unique ecosystems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

Burgess

White

McDougall

et al. 2017

Pac. Conserv. Biol.

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“…The causal pathogen has recently been described as Phytophthora pluvialis which is considered to be endemic to Oregon, USA (Reeser et al 2013). Subsequently, a second species Phytophthora kernoviae Brasier, Beales & Kirk, was also recovered from needles, though at a consistently lower rate (Dick et al 2014). Concurrent to epidemiological work for red needle cast, a range of trials were initiated to investigate possible fungicides that could be effective for management of red needle cast on Pinus radiata in New Zealand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Observations of the symptoms, their development and the apparent spread of the disease, known locally as red needle cast, all gave a strong indication of a likely biotic cause, which led to further investigations. Isolations made from symptomatic needles yielded an undescribed species of Phytophthora as the likely causal pathogen (Dick et al 2014). The causal pathogen has recently been described as Phytophthora pluvialis which is considered to be endemic to Oregon, USA (Reeser et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of adjuvants to improve uptake of phosphorous acid applied to Pinus radiata needles for control of foliar Phytophthora diseases

Rolando

Gaskin²,

Horgan³

et al. 2014

N.Z. j. of For. Sci.

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Background: Phosphorous acid is being investigated as a fungicide for the management of a needle disease caused by Phytophthora pluvialis in Pinus radiata in New Zealand. However, little is known about the penetration characteristics of this fungicide into Pinus radiata foliage. This study was undertaken to determine: i) the penetration characteristics of a commercial phosphorous acid formulation, applied at 3 kg ha -1 and 12 kg ha -1 in 100 L water, into Pinus radiata foliage and, ii) the effect of four commercially available adjuvants on phosphorous acid uptake into Pinus radiata foliage. Efficacy of the best treatment was tested in vitro with two Phytophthora species, Phytophthora kernoviae and P. pluvialis.

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“…More recently, P. kernoviae has been found to naturally infect plants from 20 genera representing 13 families (Anon 2012;Dick et al 2014) in New Zealand and other parts of the world. Host plants are predominately angiosperms although three conifers, each from a different family, are also recorded hosts (Anon 2012;Dick et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Host plants are predominately angiosperms although three conifers, each from a different family, are also recorded hosts (Anon 2012;Dick et al 2014). Additional host species have been shown to be susceptible with artificial inoculations (Anon 2012, Fichtner et al 2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of New Zealand flora to Phytophthora kernoviae and its seasonal variability in the field

Gardner

Dick

Bader

2015

N.Z. j. of For. Sci.

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Background: The oomycete Phytophthora kernoviae is known from the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, where it is considered to be a recent invader, from Chile where it was only discovered in 2014, and New Zealand where records date back to 1953. As there is little information in New Zealand linking P. kernoviae with plant disease, it may have been present for much longer and may be indigenous. Seasonal activity of P. kernoviae in a site known to have infested soil was tested by isolation from soil and foliage of existing shrubs and the use of indicator plants. In greenhouse studies, the susceptibility of a range of indigenous plants to P. kernoviae was tested via stem and foliar inoculation. Methods: Soil, litter and understorey vegetation samples were collected for isolation of P. kernoviae at monthly intervals for a year. Plants of Rhododendron catawbiense, which is known to be susceptible to foliar and shoot infection, were placed in the stand as indicator species. In laboratory and greenhouse studies, stem and foliar inoculations of a selection of arborescent plants representing major groups within the New Zealand flora were carried out and compared with three exotic plants of known susceptibility. Results: Phytophthora kernoviae was not isolated from foliage of understorey plants at the study site, but it was recovered from soil and litter from April to November (autumn through spring) inclusive. Little disease developed on the Rhododendron catawbiense indicator plants. All of the exotic, and most of the indigenous, species developed a lesion in response to stem inoculation. Stem lesions were more developed on exotic species than on indigenous hosts. In contrast, few species formed foliar symptoms. Phytophthora kernoviae was recovered from asymptomatic tissue, stems and foliage, of a number of species. Conclusions: Based on the results of the inoculations and the lack of historical records of disease of indigenous plants associated with P. kernoviae, this oomycete does not appear to be a damaging pathogen of New Zealand's indigenous flora. Although presence in the soil or litter was demonstrated at the study site, little disease developed on the indicator plants suggesting that at least part of the New Zealand population is of low pathogenicity to R. catawbiense.

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Pathogenicity of Phytophthora pluvialis to Pinus radiata and its relation with red needle cast disease in New Zealand

Cited by 59 publications

References 18 publications

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

The use of adjuvants to improve uptake of phosphorous acid applied to Pinus radiata needles for control of foliar Phytophthora diseases

Susceptibility of New Zealand flora to Phytophthora kernoviae and its seasonal variability in the field

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