Pathogenicity of the Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS)-Associated Rhabdovirus to Snakehead Ophicephalus striatus.

Lio-Po, Gilda D.; Albright, L. J.; Traxler, G. S.; Leaño, Eduardo M.

doi:10.3147/jsfp.36.57

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…First isolated from the tissues of diseased snakehead fish (Ophicephalus striatus) during an epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) outbreak in Thailand (50), the specific role of SHRV in EUS had not been determined (21). Experimental infection with EUS-associated rhabdoviruses was successful in snakehead fry and juveniles (12,29), although the characteristic ulcerative disease was not observed. In the present study, we examine the ability of SHRV to cause disease and to stimulate an inflammatory immune response in embryonic and adult zebrafish.…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of Snakehead Rhabdovirus Infection in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio )

Phelan

Pressley

Witten

et al. 2005

J Virol

132

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The zebrafish, Danio rerio, has become recognized as a valuable model for the study of development, genetics, and toxicology. Recently, the zebrafish has been recognized as a useful model for infectious disease and immunity. In this study, the pathogenesis and antiviral immune response of zebrafish to experimental snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV) infection was characterized. Zebrafish 24 h postfertilization to 30 days postfertilization were susceptible to infection by immersion in 10 6 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID 50 ) of SHRV/ ml, and adult zebrafish were susceptible to infection by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 10 5 TCID 50 of SHRV/ ml. Mortalities exceeded 40% in infected fish, and clinical presentation of infection included petechial hemorrhaging, redness of the abdomen, and erratic swim behavior. Virus reisolation and reverse transcription-PCR analysis of the viral nucleocapsid gene confirmed the presence of SHRV. Histological sections of moribund embryonic and juvenile fish revealed necrosis of the pharyngeal epithelium and liver, in addition to congestion of the swim bladder by cell debris. Histopathology in adult fish injected i.p. was confined to the site of injection. The antiviral response in zebrafish was monitored by quantitative real-time PCR analysis of zebrafish interferon (IFN) and Mx expression. IFN and Mx levels were elevated in zebrafish exposed to SHRV, although expression and intensity differed with age and route of infection. This study is the first to examine the pathogenesis of SHRV infection in zebrafish. Furthermore, this study is the first to describe experimental infection of zebrafish embryos with a viral pathogen, which will be important for future experiments involving targeted gene disruption and forward genetic screens.

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of Snakehead Rhabdovirus Infection in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio )

Phelan

Pressley

Witten

et al. 2005

J Virol

132

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“…Pure cultures of the EUS-associated rhabdovirus were experimentally shown to induce slight to moderate skin lesions (Grade III) in all tested naïve snakeheads at rearing water temperatures of 20 to 22.5°C, but not at 28 to 32°C (Lio-Po et al 2001). Kanchanakhan et al (2002) reported similar experimental skin lesion induction by the rhabdovirus in snakehead fish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…However, the fact that the virus tested positive only after blind passages indicates or suggests a low virus titer (Table 2). A dose-response experiment on the EUS rhabdovirus in an earlier study showed that a minimum of 10 3 TCID 50 ml -1 is required to induce dermal lesions in naïve snakeheads (Lio-Po et al 2001). It is possible that the aquifer water was not absolutely 'virus-free' and that some viral particles present in the lake water may eventually have infiltrated the aquifer water and initiated subclinical infections of the naïve fish in Treatment A.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is plausible to surmise that the transmitted virus initiated dermal lesions in the latter fish. However, since the EUS rhabdovirus can only induce slight to moderate lesions (Grade III) (Lio-Po et al 2001), the observed Grade IV lesions were probably a result of secondary infection.Earlier studies showed the consistent association of the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila with EUS fish displaying advanced lesions (Grade IV) (Llobrera & Gacutan 1987, Boonyaratpalin 1989, Costa & Wejeyaratne 1989, Torres 1990, Lio-Po et al 1992, Pathiratne et al 1994, Angka et al 1995, Karunasagar et al 1995, Rahman et al 1999. A. hydrophila can also induce ulcerative dermal lesions in experimentally challenged EUS-susceptible fish at both low and ambient temperatures (Lio-Po et al 1992, Pathiratne et al 1994, Angka et al 1995, Karunasagar et al 1995, Leaño et al 1996, Lio-Po 1998, Aoki 1999.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Horizontal transmission of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)-associated virus in the snakehead Ophicephalus striatus under simulated natural conditions

Lio-Po¹,

Albright²,

Traxler³

et al. 2003

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Natural transmission of the epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) was conducted on naïve snakeheads Ophicephalus striatus (also known as Channa striata) kept (A) in aquifer water, (B) in lakewater, (C) cohabiting with EUS snakeheads in lakewater, and (D) cohabiting with apparently healthy snakeheads in lakewater during the 1994 to 1995 EUS season. The results showed that EUS-like lesions developed in 6 to 14 d among naïve snakeheads cohabiting with EUS snakeheads and with apparently healthy snakeheads in lakewater (Treatments C and D). Among naïve fish exposed to lakewater (Treatment B), similar lesions developed in 16 to 21 d, while naïve fish in aquifer water (Treatment A) did not develop EUS-like lesions. EUS signs began as Grade I (slight) lesions that gradually progressed to Grades III-IV (severe) 3 to 5 d from lesion onset, similar to the naturally affected EUS fish. The virus was recovered from some but not all naturally EUS-affected snakeheads, snakeheads with healing lesions and apparently healthy snakeheads, but not from naïve snakeheads. The results provide evidence of a waterborne horizontal transmission of the EUS-associated virus. This is the first report of a successful horizontal transmission of the EUSassociated virus from apparently healthy snakeheads to naïve fish under natural conditions and of virus recovery in tissue culture from naturally exposed experimental fish. KEY WORDS: Epizootic ulcerative syndrome · EUS) · Rhabdovirus · Snakehead · Cohabitation · Virus recovery Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 57: [213][214][215][216][217][218][219][220] 2003 sp. have been associated with EUS-affected fishes (Llobrera & Gacutan 1987, Boonyaratpalin 1989, Costa & Wejeyaratne 1989, Torres 1990, Lio-Po et al. 1992, Roberts et al. 1993, Pathiratne et al. 1994, Angka et al. 1995, Callinan et al. 1995, Karunasagar et al. 1995, Willoughby et al. 1995, Lilley & Roberts 1997, Igbal et al. 1999, Rahman et al. 1999). In addition, previous studies have demonstrated the presence of rhabdovirus among fishes affected with EUS in the Philippines (Lio-Po et al. 2000). In Thailand, Myanmar and Sri Lanka, the ulcerative disease rhabdovirus (UDRV) and the snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV) were likewise isolated from EUS-affected snakeheads (Frerichs et al. 1986, Ahne et al. 1988, Kasornchandra et al. 1992, Lilley & Frerichs 1994, Kanchanakhan et al. 1999.The objective of this study was to investigate the horizontal transmission of EUS-associated virus in snakeheads under natural conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODSExperimental fish. Healthy snakeheads, 30 to 80 g, were collected from ponds in Iloilo, Panay Island. These had been cultured for about 2 mo from fry caught from the wild by the fish farmer. During the holding period, EUS was not observed, nor has EUS been reported on Panay Island. The fish were transported to the Tigbauan Station of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC). Samples of the fish were assayed for the presence of t...

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2012

Fish Pathology

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Pathogenicity of the Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS)-Associated Rhabdovirus to Snakehead Ophicephalus striatus.

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Characterization of Snakehead Rhabdovirus Infection in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio )

Characterization of Snakehead Rhabdovirus Infection in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio )

Horizontal transmission of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS)-associated virus in the snakehead Ophicephalus striatus under simulated natural conditions

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