Pathologic Adaptation to Community Violence Among Inner-City Youth.

Ng-Mak, Daisy; Salzinger, Suzanne; Feldman, Richard S.; Stueve, C. Ann

doi:10.1037/0002-9432.74.2.196

Cited by 127 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…A third model-half way between models based on maladjustment and those based on adjustment-explains bullying behaviour in terms of 'pathological adaptation' (Ng-Mak, Salzinger, Feldman, & Stueve, 2004). According to this model, young people who have been exposed to violence in dangerous, insecure environments, are 'desensitized to environmental violence'.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Social experience and school bullying

Bacchini

Esposito²,

Affuso

2008

Community & Applied Soc Psy

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The goal of the present study is to investigate the relationship between school bullying and various aspects of the urban and scholastic environment where participants live, such as sense of community, exposure to dangerous and violent situations within the neighbourhood, perceptions of the safety of the neighbourhood and perceptions of the school environment. The research, performed in Ercolano, a town near Naples, covered the whole of Ercolano's population (n ¼ 734) of 7th, 10th and 13th grade students. Data were analysed using a multivariate analysis of variance. Results showed that bullying role ( pure bullies, pure victims, bully victims, not-involved) is significantly associated with the way subjects perceive their exposure to dangerous and violent situations within the neighbourhood, their relationship with classmates and their relationship with teachers. Pure bullies and bully victims are especially likely to experience dangerous and violent situations in the neighbourhood where they live and have a more negative perception of their relationship with teachers; for pure victims and bully victims, a significant association is obtained with negative perceptions of relationships with classmates. These findings suggest the need for intervention strategies that extend beyond the classroom to the broader community and neighbourhood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Social experience and school bullying

Bacchini

Esposito²,

Affuso

2008

Community & Applied Soc Psy

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“…This may potentially be explained by some desensitization to indirect exposure to violence when physical aggression in the home is high or vice versa. 75,76 Additionally, it could be explained by co-morbidity issues including a higher likelihood of suffering from depression or internalizing behavior among children with high exposure to violence. 39,77 Desensitization is a gradual reduction or emotional numbing in responsiveness to an arousal-eliciting stimulus as a function of repeated exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…39,77 Desensitization is a gradual reduction or emotional numbing in responsiveness to an arousal-eliciting stimulus as a function of repeated exposure. 76 Repeat exposure to violence may impact the neurobiological pathways related to threat perception, potentially altering an individual's response and reaction to threat not only when exposed to violence, but on a day to day basis as well. 78 While direct and indirect exposures are not equivalent, the high level of relational, direct physical discipline toward a child may evoke some level of desensitization to other forms of violence resulting in a greater impact of direct violence with less additive effects with indirect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure on Externalizing Behavior in Children

et al. 2016

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The objective of this study was to examine the association between externalizing behaviors and indirect violence exposure, assessed both within the household and at the community level, as well as the interaction effect of indirect and direct violence exposure. A sample of parents of children ages 4-15 who have not been referred or enrolled in child welfare (n = 82) were recruited from the greater New Orleans community. Externalizing behavior was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The child's indirect exposure to violence included witnessing community violence, witnessing physical assault, and witnessing fighting or domestic violence at home. Direct exposure to violence included the child experiencing physical aggression from a caregiver. All assessments were based on caregiver reports. To decrease potential for confounding, children were matched for analysis based on age, Hurricane Katrina exposure, and their propensity to be exposed to high indirect violence. Cumulative indirect exposure to violence was significantly positively correlated with CBCL scores. After controlling for key covariates, CBCL externalizing T score increased significantly by approximately 1.25 points for each level increase in indirect violence exposure (β = 1.25, SE = 0.57, p = 0.027). There also was a significant interaction between indirect and direct exposure to violence in the association with CBCL score (β = −0.08, SE = 0.03, p = 0.002). These findings extend previous research by demonstrating that exposure to both direct and cross-contextual indirect violence influences externalizing behaviors in children. Additionally, the findings suggest that community and household social environments are both important targets for interventions designed to decrease externalizing behaviors and improve longterm outcomes for youth at risk of exposure to violence.KEYWORDS Childhood exposure to violence, Cumulative exposure to violence, Indirect exposure to violence, Direct exposure to violence, Community violence, Household violence, Child physical aggression, Child externalizing behaviors BACKGROUND

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“…For example, the effect may work through changes in adolescents' sense of efficacy over their environment, which would lend more support for the positive adaptation interpretation. If it involves a process of normalization or desensitization to violence, in contrast, an interpretation of pathological adaptation might be indicated~Ng- Mak et al, 2004!. …”

Section: Adolescent Violencementioning

confidence: 99%