Pathologic Changes in the Olfactory System in Aging and Alzheimer's Diseasea

Hyman, Bradley T.; Arriagada, Paulina V.; Hoesen, Gary W. Van

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb00184.x

Cited by 66 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This may indicate that neocortical amyloid plaque burden itself is not related to olfactory identification deficits, at least at this early stage, and the findings are consistent with the neuropathological findings of predominantly tau and not amyloid pathology in the olfactory bulb and other olfactory regions in the early stages of AD (Hyman et al, 1991). A neuropathological study also found that entorhinal cortex and CA1/subiculum tau burden predicted olfactory test scores better than plaque, though testing was done on average over 2 years prior to death (Wilson et al 2007b).…”

Section: Olfactory Behavioral Testing In Humans With Normal Aging Andsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Processing may be further affected by an increase in dopaminergic interneurons (Mundinano et al 2011) or loss of D2 dopamine receptors (Loopujit and Sebens 1990). Mitral cell loss is evident in some studies but not others (Struble and Clark 1992, Loopujit and Sebens 1990, ter Laak et al 1994, Hyman et al 1991). These studies suggest that, similar to normal aging, the first layers of the peripheral olfactory system are particularly vulnerable to Alzheimer change compared to the rest of the OB.…”

Section: Pathophysiological Changes In the Olfactory Areas With Normamentioning

confidence: 90%

“…In AD, the human OB shows minimal mature amyloid plaque (Mann et al 1988, Reyes et al 1993, ter Laak et al 1994, Mundinano et al 2011, Cai et al 2012, Esiri and Wilcock 1984, Ohm and Braak 1987, Loopujit and Sebens 1990, Hyman et al 1991, Struble and Clark 1992). Neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) burden in the OB is typically higher (Ohm and Braak 1987, Mann et al 1988, Hyman et al 1991, Reyes et al 1993, Mundinano et al 2011), though sometimes also negligible (Loopujit and Sebens 1990, Struble and Clark 1992, ter Laak et al 1994, Esiri and Wilcock 1984).…”

Section: Pathophysiological Changes In the Olfactory Areas With Normamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) burden in the OB is typically higher (Ohm and Braak 1987, Mann et al 1988, Hyman et al 1991, Reyes et al 1993, Mundinano et al 2011), though sometimes also negligible (Loopujit and Sebens 1990, Struble and Clark 1992, ter Laak et al 1994, Esiri and Wilcock 1984). With disease progression, there is consistently more tau than beta amyloid-related pathology in the OB, but the likelihood and extent of both increase with Braak stage (Attems et al 2005).…”

Section: Pathophysiological Changes In the Olfactory Areas With Normamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Olfactory Dysfunction in the Elderly: Basic Circuitry and Alterations with Normal Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Masurkar

Devanand

2014

Curr Geri Rep

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Preclinical detection of Alzheimer disease is critical to determining at-risk individuals in order to improve patient and caregiver planning for their futures and to identify individuals likely to benefit from treatment as advances in therapeutics develop over time. Identification of olfactory dysfunction at the preclinical and early stages of the disease is a potentially useful method to accomplish these goals. We first review basic olfactory circuitry. We then evaluate the evidence of pathophysiological change in the olfactory processing pathways during aging and Alzheimer disease in both human and animal models. We also review olfactory behavioral studies during these processes in both types of models. In doing so, we suggest hypotheses about the localization and mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction and identify important avenues for future work.

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Section: Olfactory Behavioral Testing In Humans With Normal Aging Andsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Pathophysiological Changes In the Olfactory Areas With Normamentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Pathophysiological Changes In the Olfactory Areas With Normamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathophysiological Changes In the Olfactory Areas With Normamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Olfactory Dysfunction in the Elderly: Basic Circuitry and Alterations with Normal Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Masurkar

Devanand

2014

Curr Geri Rep

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“…Finally, there is another argument that supports the assumption that a milder severity of the disease may be the major explanation for Ù immunoreactivity lacking in nasal biopsy tissue. It has been shown that central parts of the olfactory system are more affected than peripheral parts (glomeruli and mitral cells of the olfactory bulb) during neurodegeneration in AD and that, within the olfactory system, the anterior olfactory nucleus is predominantly involved [21]. These findings would be consistent with the hypothesis of an anterograde spreading of neurodegenerative changes in the olfactory system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Histological Markers in Nasal Mucosa of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

Höck¹,

Golombowski²,

Müller‐Spahn³

et al. 1998

Eur Neurol

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Neuropathological changes such as dystrophic neurites and the presence of abnormal τ protein in the olfactory system, including primary sensory cells and nerve fibres have previously been demonstrated in nasal mucosa tissue of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These changes were detected in autopsy-derived material from histopathologically confirmed AD cases as well as in biopsy tissue from clinical severely ill AD patients. To investigate the potential usefulness for the early diagnosis of AD, we obtained biopsy tissue from olfactory mucosa from 5 clinically mild to moderate AD patients and stained for the presence of τ or β-amyloid by immunocytochemistry using a panel of specific antibodies. No positive staining was found in any of the cases. For comparison, post-mortem olfactory tissue from AD patients with severe neuropathological changes (widespread neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid in the brain) was investigated. In these severe cases, τ immunoreactivity was found in fine nerve fibres in the lamina propria and in a few olfactory epithelial cells. These results are consistent with other reports showing that cytoskeletal changes and τ pathology in the olfactory epithelium are not primary (or specific) features of AD and may occur predominantly in late stages of the disease.

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Smell and Taste

Doty

2012

Pathy's Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine

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Pathologic Changes in the Olfactory System in Aging and Alzheimer's Diseasea

Cited by 66 publications

References 23 publications

Olfactory Dysfunction in the Elderly: Basic Circuitry and Alterations with Normal Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Olfactory Dysfunction in the Elderly: Basic Circuitry and Alterations with Normal Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Histological Markers in Nasal Mucosa of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

Smell and Taste

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