Pathology and Clinics of Naturally Occurring Low-Virulence Variants of African Swine Fever Emerged in Domestic Pigs in the South Caucasus

Avagyan, Hranush; Hakobyan, Sona; Baghdasaryan, Bagrat; Arzumanyan, Hranush; Poghosyan, Arpine; Bayramyan, Nane; Semerjyan, Anna; Sargsyan, Mariam; Voskanyan, Henry; Vardanyan, Tigranuhi; Karalyan, Naira; Hakobyan, Lina; Abroyan, Liana; Avetisyan, Aida; Karalova, Elena; Semerjyan, Zara; Karalyan, Zaven

doi:10.3390/pathogens13020130

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Specifically, between 2018 and 2020, comprehensive animal experiments and pathological analyses were conducted on 55 ASFV strains isolated from 14 farms in the Caucasus region. This investigation identified three strains with moderate pathology and low mortality rates, supporting the trend of evolving towards reduced pathogenicity [47]. Similarly, Western Europe supports the conclusion that ASFV evolves from high virulence to low virulence.…”

Section: Reduced Virulence and Increased Transmissionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Genetic Variations of African Swine Fever Virus: Major Challenges and Prospects

Chen,

Wang,

Luo

et al. 2024

Viruses

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African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild boars. It typically presents as a hemorrhagic fever but can also manifest in various forms, ranging from acute to asymptomatic. ASF has spread extensively globally, significantly impacting the swine industry. The complex and highly variable character of the ASFV genome makes vaccine development and disease surveillance extremely difficult. The overall trend in ASFV evolution is towards decreased virulence and increased transmissibility. Factors such as gene mutation, viral recombination, and the strain-specificity of virulence-associated genes facilitate viral variations. This review deeply discusses the influence of these factors on viral immune evasion, pathogenicity, and the ensuing complexities encountered in vaccine development, disease detection, and surveillance. The ultimate goal of this review is to thoroughly explore the genetic evolution patterns and variation mechanisms of ASFV, providing a theoretical foundation for advancement in vaccine and diagnostic technologies.

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Section: Reduced Virulence and Increased Transmissionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Genetic Variations of African Swine Fever Virus: Major Challenges and Prospects

Chen,

Wang,

Luo

et al. 2024

Viruses

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“…Therefore, measuring the number, viability, and MHC expression of these cells could act as an early indicator of vaccine success or failure ( Figures 1C-E ). However, such changes in cell counts can vary with strain and virulence, as seen in ASFV infection of pigs ( 142 ).…”

Section: Innate Immune Features As Correlates Of Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining correlates of protection for mammalian livestock vaccines against high-priority viral diseases

Davis,

Jia,

Wright

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Enhancing livestock biosecurity is critical to safeguard the livelihoods of farmers, global and local economies, and food security. Vaccination is fundamental to the control and prevention of exotic and endemic high-priority infectious livestock diseases. Successful implementation of vaccination in a biosecurity plan is underpinned by a strong understanding of correlates of protection—those elements of the immune response that can reliably predict the level of protection from viral challenge. While correlates of protection have been successfully characterized for many human viral vaccines, for many high-priority livestock viral diseases, including African swine fever and foot and mouth disease, they remain largely uncharacterized. Current literature provides insights into potential correlates of protection that should be assessed during vaccine development for these high-priority mammalian livestock viral diseases. Establishment of correlates of protection for biosecurity purposes enables immune surveillance, rationale for vaccine development, and successful implementation of livestock vaccines as part of a biosecurity strategy.

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Simulation of Premovement Active Surveillance Protocols for Moving Finishing Pigs to a Harvest Facility from a Control Area during an Outbreak of African Swine Fever in the United States

Bonney,

Malladi,

Ssematimba

et al. 2024

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Movement restrictions are a critical component of response plans for an African swine fever (ASF) outbreak in the United States. These restrictions are likely to include requiring permits to move animals and products within, into, and out of 5‐km control areas (CAs) established around confirmed positive farms. For quarantined finishing farms located within a CA, diagnostic testing is an expected criterion for receival of a permit to move pigs to a harvest facility or removal of quarantine. A stochastic disease transmission and active surveillance model were used to evaluate premovement active surveillance protocols varying by the number of samples and timing of sample collection before movement. Surveillance protocol scenarios were evaluated for several different sampling prioritization schemes; virus strains of medium or high virulence; barn sizes of 1,200, 2,400, and 4,800 pigs; and farms with average to high mortality and morbidity during routine production. Surveillance protocols that included prioritization schemes targeting dead pigs and pigs with clinical signs resulted in the highest probabilities of detection and the lowest numbers of infectious pigs at the time of movement in barns that went undetected. There was some evidence that targeting sick pigs prior to dead pigs may be more effective for moderately virulent strains. However, in most scenarios, including all highly virulent strain scenarios and moderately virulent strain scenarios in barn sizes of 1,200 with average farm performance, prioritization of dead versus sick pigs first did not have a large impact on the predicted outcomes. Increasing sample sizes improved outcomes, though only marginal gains were achieved once the available dead and sick were sampled. Predicted outcomes may be further improved by sampling the available dead and sick pigs in a barn across multiple days, though the associated increase in the probability of detection was minor.

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Pathology and Clinics of Naturally Occurring Low-Virulence Variants of African Swine Fever Emerged in Domestic Pigs in the South Caucasus

Cited by 6 publications

References 40 publications

Genetic Variations of African Swine Fever Virus: Major Challenges and Prospects

Genetic Variations of African Swine Fever Virus: Major Challenges and Prospects

Defining correlates of protection for mammalian livestock vaccines against high-priority viral diseases

Simulation of Premovement Active Surveillance Protocols for Moving Finishing Pigs to a Harvest Facility from a Control Area during an Outbreak of African Swine Fever in the United States

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