Pathology and Viral Antigen Distribution of Lethal Pneumonia in Domestic Cats Due to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza A Virus

Löhr, Christiane V.; DeBess, Emilio; Baker, Rocky J.; Hiett, Steven L.; Hoffman, Kriss A.; Murdoch, Victoria J.; Fischer, Kay A.; Mulrooney, Donna M.; Selman, Robyn L.; Hammill-Black, Wendy M.

doi:10.1177/0300985810368393

Cited by 57 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…No differences between pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses were identified when assessing the probability for each subtype. disease in domestic cats have been documented (10,11). Since domestic cats are in close contact with the human environment, they are subsequently exposed to human influenza viruses (7); therefore, the possibility of cats being infected with influenza viruses exists.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pandemic and Seasonal Human Influenza Virus Infections in Domestic Cats: Prevalence, Association with Respiratory Disease, and Seasonality Patterns

et al. 2011

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Domestic cats have several features that make them ideal vehicles for interspecies transmission of influenza viruses; however, they have been largely overlooked as potential reservoirs or bridging hosts. In this study, we conducted serological surveillance to assess the prevalence of novel pandemic H1N1 as well as seasonal human influenza virus infections in domestic cats in Ohio. Four hundred serum samples collected from domestic cats (September 2009 to September 2010) were tested using a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The seroprevalences of pandemic H1N1, seasonal H1N1, and H3N2 were 22.5%, 33%, and 43.5%, respectively. In addition, a significant association between clinical feline respiratory disease and influenza virus infection was documented. In this sample of cats, the prevalence of pandemic H1N1 did not follow the seasonality pattern of seasonal H1N1 or H3N2 influenza, similar to observations in humans. Pandemic H1N1 seroprevalence did not vary in relation to ambient temperature changes, while the seroprevalence of seasonal H3N2 and H1N1 influenza viruses increased with the decline of ambient temperature. Our results highlight the high prevalence of influenza virus infection in domestic cats, a seasonality pattern of influenza virus infection comparable to that in humans, and an association of infection with clinical respiratory disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pandemic and Seasonal Human Influenza Virus Infections in Domestic Cats: Prevalence, Association with Respiratory Disease, and Seasonality Patterns

et al. 2011

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“…However, while serological studies suggest that avian influenza viruses do not appear to be widely prevalent in cats (42,43), they have detected a relatively elevated seroprevalence of seasonal H1N1, H3N2, and, especially, 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses in domestic felids (44)(45)(46). Confirmed influenza virus infection of domestic cats has occasionally resulted in fatal infection in these animals, most frequently documented with 2009 H1N1 viruses, and it is believed that human-to-cat virus transmission is responsible in at least some of these cases (10)(11)(12)47).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel A(H7N2) Influenza Virus Isolated from a Veterinarian Caring for Cats in a New York City Animal Shelter Causes Mild Disease and Transmits Poorly in the Ferret Model

Belser

Pulit-Penaloza

Sun

et al. 2017

J Virol

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In December 2016, a low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H7N2) virus was identified to be the causative source of an outbreak in a cat shelter in New York City, which subsequently spread to multiple shelters in the states of New York and Pennsylvania. One person with occupational exposure to infected cats became infected with the virus, representing the first LPAI H7N2 virus infection in a human in North America since 2003. Considering the close contact that frequently occurs between companion animals and humans, it was critical to assess the relative risk of this novel virus to public health. The virus isolated from the human case, A/New York/108/2016 (NY/108), caused mild and transient illness in ferrets and mice but did not transmit to naive cohoused ferrets following traditional or aerosol-based inoculation methods. The environmental persistence of NY/108 virus was generally comparable to that of other LPAI H7N2 viruses. However, NY/108 virus replicated in human bronchial epithelial cells with an increased efficiency compared with that of previously isolated H7N2 viruses. Furthermore, the novel H7N2 virus was found to utilize a relatively lower pH for hemagglutinin activation, similar to human influenza viruses. Our data suggest that the LPAI H7N2 virus requires further adaptation before representing a substantial threat to public health. However, the reemergence of an LPAI H7N2 virus in the northeastern United States underscores the need for continuous surveillance of emerging zoonotic influenza viruses inclusive of mammalian species, such as domestic felines, that are not commonly considered intermediate hosts for avian influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses are capable of crossing the species barrier to infect mammals, an event of public health concern due to the potential acquisition of a pandemic phenotype. In December 2016, an H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in multiple animal shelters in New York State. This was the first detection of this virus in the northeastern United States in over a decade and the first documented infection of a felid with an H7N2 virus. A veterinarian became infected following occupational exposure to H7N2 virus-infected cats, necessitating the evaluation of this virus for its capacity to cause disease in mammals. While the H7N2 virus was associated with mild illness in mice and ferrets and did not spread well between ferrets, it nonetheless possessed several markers of virulence for mammals. These data highlight the promiscuity of influenza viruses and the need for diligent surveillance across multiple species to quickly identify an emerging strain with pandemic potential.

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“…The fibrinous materials lining the alveolar walls are formed by increasing capillary permeability and cellular exudation [3]. The appearance frequency of the characteristic pulmonary lesions in DAD might be different among animal species, and previous report suggested that hyaline membrane could be formed by alveolar damage in cats [9]. In this case, we thought that mild concentration of oxygen which used in the therapy didn't induce intense endothelial cell injury resulting in hyaline membrane formation.…”

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confidence: 84%

Diffuse Alveolar Damage in a Young Cat

Kobayashi

Yamano²,

Tanaka³

et al. 2011

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. A 10-month-old cat was diagnosed with congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis. To resolve its hypoxia, oxygen therapy was administered a couple of times a week during two months. The oxygen partial pressure in the chamber was maintained between 30 and 35%, and the time for one procedure was 12-24 hr. The animal died due to severe respiratory failure. At necropsy, the lungs were voluminous and had a rubbery texture. Histologically, large type II pneumocytes with occasional atypia had diffusely proliferated within the lungs. Interstitial fibrosis was not observed, although some alveolar septa were thickened along with fibrinous exudates and neutrophilic infiltration. The histology of these lesions was consistent with diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), which might have been partially due to oxygen toxicity.KEY WORDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome, diffuse alveolar damage, feline, interstitial pneumonia.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 73(10): 1347-1349, 2011 Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) reflects diffuse injury to pneumocytes and endothelial cells in alveolar septa. It is characterized by the formation of hyaline membranes (acute exudative phase), proliferation of type II pneumocytes (subacute proliferative phase), and interstitial fibrosis (chronic phase) in the lungs. For domestic animals, DAD has not been strictly defined, and this term is sometimes used as a synonym for interstitial pneumonia [1]. Experimentally induced DAD has been reported in pigs, dogs, and sheep [15] and many viruses with tropisms for pneumocytes can induce DAD [4,6,14]. In cats, DAD has been reported to arise after inhalation of nitrogen dioxide or due to infections with feline calicivirus [8], Avian H5N1 influenza virus [2,7], and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [13].In humans, DAD is the histological manifestation of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which are clinically characterized by sudden, fatal respiratory insufficiency in the absence of cardiac failure. It is known that DAD can arise due to a variety of causes, such as direct injury to the lung or systemic disorders like shock. In veterinary practice, ARDS has been mostly described in dogs [10,11], but not in cats.In this study, we describe DAD in a young cat that was characterized by predominant proliferation of type II pneumocytes.A 10-month-old female domestic Japanese cat was brought to a veterinary hospital for a vaccination, and was found to have a cardiac murmur upon physical examination. On an ultrasonographic examination, cardiac disease was diagnosed as a severe grade of congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis. From five months after the first visit, pulmonary edema often developed in the cat, and oxygen therapy using an Altas ICU station (TAIYO Electronics Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was administered a couple of times a week to resolve hypoxia. The oxygen partial pressure in the chamber was maintained between 30 and 35%, and the time for one procedure was 12-24 hr. Oxygen therapy had been frequently done during two month...

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Pathology and Viral Antigen Distribution of Lethal Pneumonia in Domestic Cats Due to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza A Virus

Cited by 57 publications

References 25 publications

Pandemic and Seasonal Human Influenza Virus Infections in Domestic Cats: Prevalence, Association with Respiratory Disease, and Seasonality Patterns

Pandemic and Seasonal Human Influenza Virus Infections in Domestic Cats: Prevalence, Association with Respiratory Disease, and Seasonality Patterns

A Novel A(H7N2) Influenza Virus Isolated from a Veterinarian Caring for Cats in a New York City Animal Shelter Causes Mild Disease and Transmits Poorly in the Ferret Model

Diffuse Alveolar Damage in a Young Cat

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