Pathology of spontaneous air sacculitis in 37 baboons and seven chimpanzees and a brief review of the literature

Kumar, Shyamesh; Fox, Benjamin D.; Owston, Michael A.; Hubbard, Gene B.; Dick, Edward J.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2012.00547.x

Cited by 27 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Apart from colonization, it was reported that transmitted S. aureus has led to severe and even lethal infection of one gorilla in the Gabonese center [3] highlighting the threat of this “humanosis” in apes. It has been reported that S. aureus can cause sepsis, skin and soft tissue infection, visceral abscess, air sacculitis and meningitis in monkeys and apes [3–5]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Non-Invasive Biological Samples to Monitor Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Great Apes and Lemurs

et al. 2013

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IntroductionReintroduction of endangered animals as part of conservational programs bears the risk of importing human pathogens from the sanctuary to the natural habitat. One bacterial pathogen that serves as a model organism to analyze this transmission is Staphylococcus aureus as it can colonize and infect both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of various biological samples to monitor S. aureus colonization in great apes and lemurs.MethodsMucosal swabs from wild lemurs (n=25, Kirindy, Madagascar), feces, oral and genital swabs from captive chimpanzees (n=58, Ngamba and Entebbe, Uganda) and fruit wadges and feces from wild chimpanzees (n=21, Taï National Parc, Côte d’Ivoire) were screened for S. aureus. Antimicrobial resistance and selected virulence factors were tested for each isolate. Sequence based genotyping (spa typing, multilocus sequence typing) was applied to assess the population structure of S. aureus.ResultsOro-pharyngeal carriage of S. aureus was high in lemurs (72%, n=18) and captive chimpanzees (69.2%, n=27 and 100%, n=6, respectively). Wild chimpanzees shed S. aureus through feces (43.8, n=7) and fruit wadges (54.5, n=12). Analysis of multiple sampling revealed that two samples are sufficient to detect those animals which shed S. aureus through feces or fruit wadges. Genotyping showed that captive animals are more frequently colonized with human-associated S. aureus lineages.ConclusionOro-pharyngeal swabs are useful to screen for S. aureus colonization in apes and lemurs before reintroduction. Duplicates of stool and fruit wadges reliably detect S. aureus shedding in wild chimpanzees. We propose to apply these sampling strategies in future reintroduction programs to screen for S. aureus colonization. They may also be useful to monitor S. aureus in wild populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Non-Invasive Biological Samples to Monitor Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Great Apes and Lemurs

et al. 2013

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“…Chimpanzees had firm, inflated, red-purple lung lobes with yellow-white foci throughout the parenchyma (Schmidt and Butler, 1971). Baboons had thickened air sacs with suppurative to fibrinosuppurative exudate (Kumar et al, 2012).…”

Section: B Klebsiella Pneumoniaementioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhuman Primates

Magden

Mansfield²,

Simmons

et al. 2015

Laboratory Animal Medicine

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“…Given that air sacs can become infected (airsacculitis) (Lawson et al, 2006;Kumar et al, 2012), potentially causing disease and reducing fitness, it is argued that air sacs cannot be functionless, and that they would almost certainly be selected against unless they serve a current biological function (de Boer, 2012). Several hypotheses have been proposed regarding the function of laryngeal air sacs, including acting as visual signals, allowing the rebreathing of air to aid respiration, and aiding brachiation by stiffening the thorax (Negus, 1949;Starck and Schneider, 1960;Harrison, 1995).…”

Section: The Loss Of Laryngeal Air Sacs During Hominin Evolution: Evimentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual selection and the loss of laryngeal air sacs during the evolution of speech

Dunn

2018

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One noteworthy, but unexplained, aspect of the evolution of human speech is the loss of laryngeal air sacs during hominin evolution. Very little is known about the adaptive significance of this curious trait, or the selection pressures that may have driven the evolution of air sacs among primates, and their later loss in Homo. Here, I review the literature on the loss of laryngeal air sacs during the evolution of speech, and argue that sexual selection may have been a key factor. Although air sacs do not fossilize, the presence or absence of air sacs appears to be correlated with the anatomy of the hyoid bone, and fossil hyoid evidence suggests that air sacs were lost in hominins between 3.3 million and 530000 years ago. Air sacs are hypothesized to have an acoustic function, and some authors have argued that hominins may have lost their air sacs because they would make speech less clear. In other primates, such as gorillas and howler monkeys, air sacs appear to play a role in acoustic size exaggeration and may be linked to reproductive competition. I explore the hypothesis that changes in social organization and mating system towards reduced male-male competition may have relaxed the selection pressure maintaining loud, low-frequency calls in hominins, making air sacs obsolete. While much of the above will remain hypothetical until more concrete data are gathered, we can speculate by saying that air sacs may not have been necessary for the type of quiet vocal interaction that typifies human communication. Perhaps more recent Homo species, with lower levels of sexual dimorphism and increased social tolerance and complexity, began to communicate in a more complex way, eventually leading to spoken language.

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Pathology of spontaneous air sacculitis in 37 baboons and seven chimpanzees and a brief review of the literature

Cited by 27 publications

References 8 publications

Evaluation of Non-Invasive Biological Samples to Monitor Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Great Apes and Lemurs

Evaluation of Non-Invasive Biological Samples to Monitor Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Great Apes and Lemurs

Nonhuman Primates

Sexual selection and the loss of laryngeal air sacs during the evolution of speech

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