Pathophysiology and Management Possibilities of Thyroid-Associated Depression

Ivanov, Samuil; Bakalov, Dimitar; Bocheva, Georgeta

doi:10.2478/amb-2022-0033

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Our results confirm previous reports that serotonin mediation can counteract the effects of hippocampal dysfunction caused by hypothyroidism [ 29 , 44 ]. Thus, the behavioral, learning, and memory effects of TRP may be due to its beneficial influence on the hippocampus.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Attenuation of Hypothyroidism-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Modulating Serotonin Mediation

Bakalov

Iliev

Sabit

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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Thyroid hormones play an important role in the modeling of neural networks in the brain. Besides its metabolic effects, thyroid dysfunction, and hypothyroidism in particular, is frequently associated with cognitive decline and depressive-like behavior. The current study aimed to examine the changes in behavior, cognition, and memory in rats with propylthiouracil-induced overt hypothyroidism. The behavior and cognition were assessed using the open field test, T-maze, and novel object recognition test. We found significant differences in the behavioral patterns of the hypothyroid animals showing a reduction in locomotor activity, frequency of rearing, and impaired memory function compared to the euthyroid controls. As serotonin is an essential biomarker regulating cognition and mood, we tried to modulate the serotonin mediation in hypothyroid animals through tryptophan administration. Treatment with 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-OH-TRP) intraperitoneally for 10 days or directly into the hippocampus as a single injection led to attenuation of the hypothyroidism-induced cognitive and memory decline. A staggering amount of research is suggesting that the common denominators in the pathophysiology of depression and the behavior changes in hypothyroidism are the hippocampal complex and the distorted serotonin metabolism. In our study, it was observed a significant alleviation of cognitive impairment and an improvement of memory performance in hypothyroid rats after 5-OH-TRP administration. Current results are promising and may serve as groundwork for further investigation of functional and structural changes in the hippocampus during a hypothyroid state, and in particular, the effects of serotonin mediation in hypothyroid-associated depressive-like behavior.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Attenuation of Hypothyroidism-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Modulating Serotonin Mediation

Bakalov

Iliev

Sabit

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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Raloxifene Protects Oxygen-Glucose-Deprived Astrocyte Cells Used to Mimic Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury

Toro-Urrego,

Luaces,

Kobiec

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Perinatal asphyxia (PA) is a clinical condition characterized by oxygen supply suspension before, during, or immediately after birth, and it is an important risk factor for neurodevelopmental damage. Its estimated 1/1000 live births incidence in developed countries rises to 5–10-fold in developing countries. Schizophrenia, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, epilepsy, blindness, and others are among the highly disabling chronic pathologies associated with PA. However, so far, there is no effective therapy to neutralize or reduce PA-induced harm. Selective regulators of estrogen activity in tissues and selective estrogen receptor modulators like raloxifene have shown neuroprotective activity in different pathological scenarios. Their effect on PA is yet unknown. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether raloxifene showed neuroprotection in an oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation astrocyte cell model. To study this issue, T98G cells in culture were treated with a glucose-free DMEM medium and incubated at 37 °C in a hypoxia chamber with 1% O2 for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Cultures were supplemented with raloxifene 10, and 100 nM during both glucose and oxygen deprivation and reoxygenation periods. Raloxifene 100 nM and 10 nM improved cell survival—65.34% and 70.56%, respectively, compared with the control cell groups. Mitochondrial membrane potential was preserved by 58.9% 10 nM raloxifene and 81.57% 100 nM raloxifene cotreatment. Raloxifene co-treatment reduced superoxide production by 72.72% and peroxide production by 57%. Mitochondrial mass was preserved by 47.4%, 75.5%, and 89% in T98G cells exposed to 6-h oxygen–glucose deprivation followed by 3, 6, and 9 h of reoxygenation, respectively. Therefore, raloxifene improved cell survival and mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, suggesting a direct effect on mitochondria. In this study, raloxifene protected oxygen–glucose-deprived astrocyte cells, used to mimic hypoxic–ischemic brain injury. Two examiners performed the qualitative assessment in a double-blind fashion.

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Pathophysiology and Management Possibilities of Thyroid-Associated Depression

Cited by 2 publications

References 50 publications

Attenuation of Hypothyroidism-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Modulating Serotonin Mediation

Attenuation of Hypothyroidism-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Modulating Serotonin Mediation

Raloxifene Protects Oxygen-Glucose-Deprived Astrocyte Cells Used to Mimic Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury

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