Pathophysiology and possible treatments for olfactory-gustatory disorders in patients affected by COVID-19

Neta, Francisca Idalina; Fernandes, Amélia Carolina Lopes; Vale, Adson José Martins; Pinheiro, Francisco Irochima; Cobucci, Ricardo Ney; Azevedo, Eduardo Pereira de; Gúzen, Fausto Pierdoná

doi:10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100035

Cited by 43 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…• Intranasal steroids (Mometasone furoate as example) have also been used in patients with loss of smell for more than 2 weeks associated with nasal symptoms [ 34 ]…”

Section: Pasc and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): a meta-narrative review of pathophysiology, prevalence, and management

Seim

Dawson

Knight

et al. 2022

SN Compr. Clin. Med.

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Over 220 countries and territories have been affected by this virus, and the infection rate has continued to rise. As patients recover from the virus, many are experiencing lingering symptoms. Understanding the impact of demographics and comorbidities on symptom prevalence, manifestations, and severity is not only relevant during acute infection, it is critical to the clinical management of patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, also known as PASC. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the most recent research related to PASC. Specifically, we focus on the description of the disorder itself, compared to acute COVID-19, and which types of patients are most affected by long-term sequelae. Further, we share recommendations for management of the most common complications of PASC.

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“…• Intranasal steroids (Mometasone furoate as example) have also been used in patients with loss of smell for more than 2 weeks associated with nasal symptoms [ 34 ]…”

Section: Pasc and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Omega 3 fatty acids (no specific dose recommendation) shown to be beneficial in patients with isolated anosmia > 2 weeks, with resolution of other symptoms [ 34 ]…”

Section: Pasc and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): a meta-narrative review of pathophysiology, prevalence, and management

Seim

Dawson

Knight

et al. 2022

SN Compr. Clin. Med.

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show abstract

“…The current mainstream therapy for chronic or permanent olfactory dysfunctions include smell training, oral or topical steroids, and nonsteroidal oral medications [99][100][101][102]. Based on the available evidence, smell training is a recommendation with minimal harm effect and highest benefit in improving olfactory function.…”

Section: Potential Stem Cell Therapy For Persistent Odmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing the mystery of persistent smell loss in long COVID patients

Park¹,

Wang²,

Xu³

2022

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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“…The pathophysiological mechanism of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 remains unclear. It has been hypothesized that a decrease in the sensitivity of sensory neurons and the co-expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 in alveolar epithelial cells are the main causes of olfactory dysfunction [11]. On the other hand, some studies have suggested that conduction loss due to edema of the olfactory cleft, injury to the olfactory epithelium, and injury to the olfactory bulb itself are relevant causes of olfactory dysfunction [12].…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of intra-nasal tetra sodium pyrophosphate on decreasing elevated nasal calcium and improving olfactory function post COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial

Abdelazim

Moneir

2022

Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol

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Background Olfactory dysfunction is recognized as a symptom of COVID-19. Reports revealed the nasal calcium increase has adverse effects on olfactory function. Tetra sodium pyrophosphate, a chelating agent, can bind calcium and help improve olfaction. Methods Sixty-four patients with olfactory dysfunction persisting for more than 90 days after COVID-19 were recruited. Participants were divided into 2 groups that received either 0.9% sodium chloride or 1% tetra sodium pyrophosphate for topical application. Olfactory function was tested with the Sniffin' Sticks test before treatment and 1 month later. In addition, nasal calcium was determined with an ion-selective electrode. Results After topical application of tetra sodium pyrophosphate compared to sodium chloride, improvement from anosmia to hyposmia with decrease in calcium level was demonstrated. As for the results of tetra-sodium pyrophosphate, 81% showed improved olfactory function and 19% did not exhibit olfaction improvement. Conclusions Intranasal application of tetra sodium pyrophosphate may be associated with improvement in olfactory function after COVID -19 infection. Trial registration Ethical Committee of Damietta Faculty of Medicine approved this study on January 2021 (approval number, IRB 00012367-21-03-010).

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Pathophysiology and possible treatments for olfactory-gustatory disorders in patients affected by COVID-19

Cited by 43 publications

References 84 publications

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): a meta-narrative review of pathophysiology, prevalence, and management

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): a meta-narrative review of pathophysiology, prevalence, and management

Revealing the mystery of persistent smell loss in long COVID patients

The effect of intra-nasal tetra sodium pyrophosphate on decreasing elevated nasal calcium and improving olfactory function post COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial

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