The objective was to
evaluate the prevalence and the
characteristics of anger and emotional
distress in migraine and tension–
type headache patients. Two
hundred and one headache patients
attending the Headache Center of
the University of Turin were
selected for the study and divided
into 5 groups: (1) migraine, (2)
episodic tension–type headache, (3)
chronic tension–type headache, (4)
migraine associated with episodic
tension–type headache and (5)
migraine associated with chronic
tension–type headache. A group of
45 healthy subjects served as controls.
All the subjects completed
the State–Trait Anger Expression
Inventory, the Beck's Depression
Inventory and the Cognitive
Behavioral Assessment. Anger control
was significantly lower in all
headache patients (
p
<0.05) except
in migraineurs. Patients with
migraine and tension–type
headache showed a significantly
higher level of angry temperament
and angry reaction (
p
<0.05). In
addition, chronic tension–type
headache and migraine associated
with tension–type headache
patients reported a higher level of
anxiety (
p
<0.05), depression
(
p
<0.001), phobias (
p
<0.001) and
obsessive–compulsive symptoms
(
p
<0.01), emotional liability
(
p
<0.001) and psychophysiological
disorders (
p
<0.001). Our study
shows that chronic tension–type
headache and migraine associated
with tension–type headache
patients present a significant
impairment of anger control and
suggests a connection between
anger and the duration of headache
experience.