Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy

Steele, Chris; Steel, David; Waine, Colin

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-045307-1.50011-3

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is the pathway for glucose metabolism that initiates under hyperglycemic conditions (Wojcik, Krawczyk, & Wozniak, 2018). Under normal blood glucose level, glucose metabolism undergoes by hexokinase pathway, whereas, under hyperglycemic conditions, glucose level saturates the hexokinase pathway, and hence, glucose is metabolized through polyol pathway (Steele, Steel, & Waine, 2008). The polyol pathway is catalyzed by two enzymes, aldose reductase, a rate limiting enzyme which catalyzes the reduction of glucose into sorbitol using a cofactor NADPH and sorbitol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of sorbitol to fructose with its cofactor NAD + (Chung, Ho, Lam, & Chung, 2003).…”

Section: Polyol Pathway Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: Association of risk factors and treatment strategies using plant‐based bioactive compounds

et al. 2020

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Under physiological conditions, endothelial cells act as protective barrier which prevents direct contact of blood with circulating factors via production of tissue plasminogen activator. Risk factors of metabolic disorders are responsible to induce endothelial dysfunction and may consequently lead to prognosis of atherosclerosis. This article summarizes the process of atherosclerosis which involves number of sequences including formation and interaction of AGE-RAGE, activation of polyol pathway, protein kinase C, and hexosamine-mediated pathway. All these mechanisms can lead to the development of oxidative stress which may further aggravate condition. Different pharmacological interventions are being used to treat atherosclerosis, however, these might be associated with mild to severe side effects. Therefore, plantbased bioactive compounds having potential to combat and prevent atherosclerosis in diabetic patients are attaining recent focus. By understanding process of development and mechanisms involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation, these bioactive compounds can be better option for future therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis treatment.

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Section: Polyol Pathway Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: Association of risk factors and treatment strategies using plant‐based bioactive compounds

et al. 2020

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“…The polyol pathway converts sugars such as glucose into sugar alcohols (polyols). For example, glucose is converted into sorbitol by the action of enzyme aldose reductase ( Steele et al, 2008 ). Under normal conditions glucose is metabolized via hexokinase pathway to generate pyruvate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AGE-RAGE axis culminates into multiple pathogenic processes: a central road to neurodegeneration

Bhattacharya

Alam

Kamal

et al. 2023

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs; e.g., glyoxal, methylglyoxal or carboxymethyl-lysine) are heterogenous group of toxic compounds synthesized in the body through both exogenous and endogenous pathways. AGEs are known to covalently modify proteins bringing about loss of functional alteration in the proteins. AGEs also interact with their receptor, receptor for AGE (RAGE) and such interactions influence different biological processes including oxidative stress and apoptosis. Previously, AGE-RAGE axis has long been considered to be the maligning factor for various human diseases including, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular, aging, etc. Recent developments have revealed the involvement of AGE-RAGE axis in different pathological consequences associated with the onset of neurodegeneration including, disruption of blood brain barrier, neuroinflammation, remodeling of extracellular matrix, dysregulation of polyol pathway and antioxidant enzymes, etc. In the present article, we attempted to describe a new avenue that AGE-RAGE axis culminates to different pathological consequences in brain and therefore, is a central instigating component to several neurodegenerative diseases (NGDs). We also invoke that specific inhibitors of TIR domains of TLR or RAGE receptors are crucial molecules for the therapeutic intervention of NGDs. Clinical perspectives have also been appropriately discussed.

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“…The multiple signaling pathways such as polyol, hexosamine, and protein kinase C are involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Stimulation of these pathways may cause the release of inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, some enzymes, and other components ( Steele et al, 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paeonol attenuates retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats by regulating the oxidative stress and polyol pathway

Adki

Kulkarni

2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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The current research work was planned to study the effects of paeonol in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats using Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.p.). After 4 weeks, the diabetic animals were treated with paeonol at a dose of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight daily for the next 4 weeks. At the end of treatment, retinal physiology was studied by recording an electroretinogram (ERG); biochemical parameters and oxidative stress were estimated. The histopathology of the retina was also carried out at the end of the study. The ERG of paeonol-treated animals showed a significant improvement in a-wave amplitude, b-wave amplitude, a-wave latency, and b-wave latency (p < 0.001) at 15 cd s/m2 when compared with the diabetic control animals. The paeonol treatment (200 mg/kg) in diabetic animals showed a significant decrease in the plasma glucose level (p < 0.001) when compared to the animals in diabetic control group. Paeonol also significantly decreased the lactate dehydrogenase, aldose reductase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase levels when compared with the diabetic control animals. The oxidative stress in the eye was significantly reduced after the paeonol treatment in the diabetic rats. The histopathology showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the retinal thickness after the paeonol treatment. The results of the study indicate that paeonol can be considered an effective management option for diabetic retinopathy.

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Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: Association of risk factors and treatment strategies using plant‐based bioactive compounds

Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: Association of risk factors and treatment strategies using plant‐based bioactive compounds

AGE-RAGE axis culminates into multiple pathogenic processes: a central road to neurodegeneration

Paeonol attenuates retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats by regulating the oxidative stress and polyol pathway

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