Pathophysiology of HIV and strategies to eliminate AIDS as a public health threat

Sued, Omar; Grosso, Tomás M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91814-5.00023-4

Cited by 1 publication

(4 citation statements)

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“…An HIV infection is systemic and first suppresses the immune system but chronically can involve every organ in the body [1]. HIV is a retroviridae family-positive sense RNA virus that can synthesize DNA via reference transcriptase to infect the host cell genome [2]. HIV establishes an infection by infecting a CD4 T-cell on mucosal surfaces [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HIV is a diploid RNA virus that belongs to the retroviridae family. These viruses have an RNA genome and a reverse transcriptase, which allows these viruses to synthesize DNA via reverse transcription to be integrated within the host cell chromosomes [ 2 ]. Once the DNA is made, it can be integrated into the host cell genome and replicate further to make more viral particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HIV is a spherical virion comprising a lipid envelope containing a capsid that holds the single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viral genome and other virion components like the nucleocapsid, integrase, and reverse transcriptase protein [ 4 ]. HIV has two glycoproteins gp41 and gp120 that are embedded in the lipid envelope of the virion and allow for entry of the virus into the host cell [ 2 ]. The HIV virus-host CD4 T-cells interaction can be achieved via the viral gp120 binding and interaction with membrane coreceptor CXCR4 (for T-cells) or CCR5 (for macrophages), resulting in conformational changes which allow the virion to fuse its gp41 to the host cell membrane, facilitating entry and the release of capsid containing the viral core proteins and ssRNA into the CD4 T-cell [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HIV has two glycoproteins gp41 and gp120 that are embedded in the lipid envelope of the virion and allow for entry of the virus into the host cell [ 2 ]. The HIV virus-host CD4 T-cells interaction can be achieved via the viral gp120 binding and interaction with membrane coreceptor CXCR4 (for T-cells) or CCR5 (for macrophages), resulting in conformational changes which allow the virion to fuse its gp41 to the host cell membrane, facilitating entry and the release of capsid containing the viral core proteins and ssRNA into the CD4 T-cell [ 2 ]. The HIV reverse transcriptase uses host nucleotides to make double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), and integrase allows the newly formed dsDNA to be integrated into the host chromosome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidence and Risks of HIV Infection, Medication Options, and Adverse Effects in Accidental Needle Stick Injuries: A Narrative Review

Abadie,

Brown,

Campbell

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Accidental needle sticks can lead to infections, including HIV. As scientists have learned more about HIV and its replicative physiology, identification of target sites and novel medications have been developed. HIV is spread throughout the population through contact with blood, semen, and rectal or vaginal secretions of infected individuals. Therefore, it is important in general for healthcare workers to be aware of its transmission modes and ways to minimize exposure. In this regard, even with hospitals providing education, training, and safety protocols, there is a continued infection spread with HIV, especially by accidental needle sticks. There is also a wide variety of testing that can be used for HIV utilizing different methodologies, allowing for improved measurement of infection status. Any person with HIV should be tested to clarify infection status and be educated to minimize future virus spread. The current CDC recommendations for HIV infection treatment are antiretroviral therapies, such as an HIV postexposure prophylaxis regimen, which consists of a cocktail of antiretrovirals and postexposure prophylaxis immediately for occupational exposures, such as accidental needlestick exposure from an HIV infected patient. To decrease accidental HIV stick injuries, there are safety precautions in place, that if followed, would help reduce this incidence. HIV accidental needle stick injuries still happen in the hospital workplace, but with proper education and treatment, if exposed, there is hope to minimize the effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%