Pathophysiology of Intravenous Air Embolism in Dogs

Myometrial invasion and cervical invasion by endometrial carcinoma: Evaluation by CO2‐volumetric interpolated breathhold examination (VIBE)

“…The volume of air and the speed with which it enters the blood vessel have been cited as major factors contributing to the clinical severity of air embolism (12). According to Adornato et al (13), air influx at a rate of 2 mL/kg/minute is lethal. The CO 2 -VIBE method uses CO 2 instead of air, and the speed and volume introduced vary from case to case.…”

Body Position Does Not Affect the Hemodynamic Response to Venous Air Embolism in Dogs

“…Accordingly, Durant et al (14) described one dog that survived a total of 1000 mL of air injected in amounts of 100 mL every 5 to 10 min. At slow infusion rates between 0.4 and 0.6 mL-kg^-mirr 1 , Adornato et al (17) described an increase in CO which compensated for the decrease in blood pressure. This compensation began to fail at higher rates (1.2-1.8 mL-kg^-min" 1 ); above approximately 1.8 mL-kg^-min" 1 , profound shock occurred and most of the dogs did not recover.…”

“…Although the pathophysiology of VAE has been well documented (9,12,14,17,(20)(21)(22)(23), there has been little investigation into the hemodynamic benefits of body positioning for the treatment of VAE. This is important, because the efficacy of this therapy has been questioned (12,17).…”

“…This is important, because the efficacy of this therapy has been questioned (12,17). Adornato et al (17) investigated the pathophysiology of slow venous air infusion (0.01-2.00 mL-kg^-min' 1 ) compared with bolus (25-200 mL) injections of air in dogs weighing between 10 and 21 kg.…”

“…Using survival as the primary measure of outcome, they found the LLR position to be superior to other body positions. As recently as 1992, the LLR position has been described as a cornerstone in the management of VAE (5), even though the effectiveness of this maneuver has been questioned (12,17). Apart from survival outcome studies, there has been little investigation of the concomitant hemodynamic responses to body positioning after VAE.…”