Pathophysiology of keratinization

Deo, Priya Nimish; Deshmukh, Revati

doi:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_195_16

Cited by 52 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It has also been associated with the damage response in the nasal epithelium due to cigarette use 87 . Hyper-keratinization can also be a response to chronic irritation, again a likely response to increased persistence of infection at lower temperatures 38 . A study investigating asthma-mediated protection from SCV2 infection reports higher keratinization of the cells, mediated through IL-13 signaling, to be a mechanism of protection against high viral loads 86 .However, more research is needed to identify how temperature impacts keratinization, as well as the impact of keratinization on viral replication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two of the keratins identified-76 and 78-are found predominately in the palate and tongue, suggesting that the difference in temperature may impact differentiation patterns and help form the structure of the respiratory tract 37 . Alternatively, keratinization also plays a role in wound healing, and may be a sign that the cells are able to recover from viral infection damage quicker, which may explain why there is greater persistence of infection at lower temperature with the maintenance of newly differentiated, susceptible cell types 38 . It has also been associated with the damage response in the nasal epithelium due to cigarette use 87 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early transcriptional responses of human nasal epithelial cells to infection with Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 virus differ and are influenced by physiological temperature

Resnick

Beer

Pekosz

2023

Preprint

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Influenza A (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2 (SCV2) viruses represent an ongoing threat to public health. Both viruses target the respiratory tract, which consists of a gradient of cell types, receptor expression, and temperature. Environmental temperature has been an understudied contributor to infection susceptibility and understanding its impact on host responses to infection could help uncover new insights into severe disease risk factors. As the nasal passageways are the initial site of respiratory virus infection, in this study we investigated the effect of temperature on host responses in human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) utilizing IAV and SCV2 in vitro infection models. We demonstrate that temperature affects SCV2, but not IAV, viral replicative fitness and that SCV2 infected cultures are slower to mount an infection-induced response, likely due to suppression by the virus. Additionally, we show that that temperature not only changes the basal transcriptomic landscape of epithelial cells, but that it also impacts the response to infection. The induction of interferon and other innate immune responses were not drastically affected by temperature, suggesting that while the baseline antiviral response at different temperatures remains consistent, there may be metabolic or signaling changes that affect how well the cultures are able to adapt to new pressures such as infection. Finally, we show that hNECs respond differently to IAV and SCV2 infection in ways that give insight into how the virus is able to manipulate the cell to allow for replication and release. Taken together, these data give new insight into the innate immune response to respiratory infections and can assist in identifying new treatment strategies for respiratory infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early transcriptional responses of human nasal epithelial cells to infection with Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 virus differ and are influenced by physiological temperature

Resnick

Beer

Pekosz

2023

Preprint

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“…Keratinization, also known as cornification, is a process of cellular differentiation that keratinocytes experience as they transition from their initial, actively dividing state in the stratum basale to ultimately become fully differentiated, toughened cells filled with protein. These cells make up a structurally and functionally unique surface layer characterized by the presence of keratin, such as the stratum corneum [36]. Keratin proteins exhibit a consistent distribution pattern throughout the diverse layers of epithelial tissues, providing valuable insights into pathological processes [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Excessive Keratinization in Acral Areas through Dermatoscopy with Cross-Polarization and Parallel-Polarization: A Dermatoscopic Keratinization Scale

Calik,

Pilarski,

Migdał

et al. 2023

JCM

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Excessive epidermal hyperkeratosis in acral areas is a common occurrence in dermatology practice, with a notable prevalence of approximately 65% in the elderly, especially in plantar lesions. Hyperkeratosis, characterized by thickening of the stratum corneum, can have various causes, including chronic physical or chemical factors, genetic predispositions, immunological disorders, and pharmaceutical compounds. This condition can significantly impact mobility, increase the risk of falls, and reduce the overall quality of life, particularly in older individuals. Management often involves creams containing urea to soften hyperkeratotic areas. Currently, subjective visual evaluation is the gold standard for assessing hyperkeratosis severity, lacking precision and consistency. Therefore, our research group proposes a novel 6-point keratinization scale based on dermatoscopy with cross-polarization and parallel-polarization techniques. This scale provides a structured framework for objective assessment, aiding in treatment selection, duration determination, and monitoring disease progression. Its clinical utility extends to various dermatological conditions involving hyperkeratosis, making it a valuable tool in dermatology practice. This standardized approach enhances communication among healthcare professionals, ultimately improving patient care and research comparability in dermatology.

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“…In the keratinization process, as keratinocytes transition from stratum granulosum to corneum, their plasma membrane is transformed into a keratinized envelope of corneocytes. This is achieved by covalently crosslinking envoplakin, periplakin, involucrine, loricrine, and filaggrin proteins into the plasma membrane, which is then coated with non-polar hydrophobic lipids [ 11 ].…”

Section: Basic Features Of the Keratinization Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Keratinocyte proliferation and desquamation are critical processes in developing and maintaining healthy skin [ 11 ]. In the skin’s normal cycle, keratinocytes are gradually produced in the epidermal basal layer, then migrate through several layers, and eventually shed off at the surface.…”

Section: Basic Features Of the Keratinization Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Factors in the Complex and Coordinated Network of Skin Keratinization: Their Significance and Involvement in Common Skin Conditions

Pondeljak,

Lugović-Mihić,

Tomić

et al. 2023

IJMS

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The epidermis serves many vital roles, including protecting the body from external influences and healing eventual injuries. It is maintained by an incredibly complex and perfectly coordinated keratinization process. In this process, desquamation is essential for the differentiation of epidermal basal progenitor cells into enucleated corneocytes, which subsequently desquamate through programmed death. Numerous factors control keratinocyte differentiation: epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, keratinocyte growth factor, interleukins IL-1-β and IL-6, elevated vitamin A levels, and changes in Ca2+ concentration. The backbone of the keratinocyte transformation process from mitotically active basal cells into fully differentiated, enucleated corneocytes is the expression of specific proteins and the creation of a Ca2+ and pH gradient at precise locations within the epidermis. Skin keratinization disorders (histologically characterized predominantly by dyskeratosis, parakeratosis, and hyperkeratosis) may be categorized into three groups: defects in the α-helical rod pattern, defects outside the α-helical rod domain, and disorders of keratin-associated proteins. Understanding the process of keratinization is essential for the pathogenesis of many dermatological diseases because improper desquamation and epidermopoiesis/keratinization (due to genetic mutations of factors or due to immune pathological processes) can lead to various conditions (ichthyoses, palmoplantar keratodermas, psoriasis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, and others).

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Pathophysiology of keratinization

Cited by 52 publications

References 13 publications

Early transcriptional responses of human nasal epithelial cells to infection with Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 virus differ and are influenced by physiological temperature

Early transcriptional responses of human nasal epithelial cells to infection with Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 virus differ and are influenced by physiological temperature

Assessing Excessive Keratinization in Acral Areas through Dermatoscopy with Cross-Polarization and Parallel-Polarization: A Dermatoscopic Keratinization Scale

Key Factors in the Complex and Coordinated Network of Skin Keratinization: Their Significance and Involvement in Common Skin Conditions

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