Pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnoea

Deegan, P C; McNicholas, Walter T.

doi:10.1183/09031936.95.08071161

Cited by 264 publications

(204 citation statements)

References 148 publications

(270 reference statements)

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“…The patency of the pharyngeal airway is mainly dependent on the activity of the oropharyngeal muscles. 16 Three pharyngeal segments tend to collapse-the retropalatal pharynx, the retroglossal pharynx, and retroepiglottic pharynx (posterior to the epiglottis)-because the anterior and lateral walls of these segments have no bony support. 17 That was the reason why we focused on developmental changes over the five sites we selected in the pharyngeal airway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Changes in Pharyngeal Airway Depth and Hyoid Bone Position from Childhood to Young Adulthood

Sheng

Lin

et al. 2009

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: (1) To test the hypothesis that there are no developmental changes in the pharyngeal airway depth and hyoid bone position from childhood to adulthood in normal Taiwanese persons, (2) to identify any sexual dimorphism, and (3) to find the predictive value of selective variables for the hyoid bone position. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 239 normal Taiwanese (132 females and 107 males; aged 7-27 years) were separated into three stages according to dental age. Twenty-three linear and 20 angular measurements were made in all subjects. Sexual dimorphism was analyzed by Student's t-test. Analysis of variance was used to compare the three stages in both genders. A stepwise regression analysis was carried out to predict the hyoid bone position. The level of significance for all analyses was set at P Ͻ .05. Results:The pharyngeal airway depth increased from the mixed dentition stage to the permanent dentition stage in both genders. There was sexual dimorphism in the lower pharyngeal airway depth. The hyoid bone position showed an obvious difference in the permanent dentition stages between genders. The vertical position of the hyoid bone was associated with the mandibular morphology and position, but the relationship in males was reversed compared with that in females. Conclusions:The hypothesis was rejected. There are developmental changes in the pharyngeal airway depth and hyoid position from childhood to young adulthood. Sexual dimorphism appeared in the lower pharyngeal airway and the direction of change in the vertical position of the hyoid bone. (Angle Orthod. 2009;79:484-490.)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Changes in Pharyngeal Airway Depth and Hyoid Bone Position from Childhood to Young Adulthood

Sheng

Lin

et al. 2009

The Angle Orthodontist

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“…7 Obesity, ethanol, male gender, age and conditions that narrow the upper airway are considered strong risk factors in the non-injured population. 14,15 In the CCI population, data concerning relations between sleep-disordered breathing and characteristics of the CCI is limited. An association between time spent below 90% SaO 2 and body mass index, level of injury and maximum expiratory pressure 6 as well as between sleep-disordered breathing and neck circumference and supine sleep posture 3 have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obstructive sleep apneas in relation to severity of cervical spinal cord injury

et al. 1998

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Thirty-three subjects (28 men, ®ve women) with complete or incomplete cervical cord injury representing a wide range of neurological impairment were investigated with regard to the prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). The relation between OSA and neurological function, respiratory capacity, body mass index and symptoms associated with OSA were studied. Overnight sleep recordings employed combined oximetry and respiratory movement monitoring. Pulmonary function tests included static and dynamic spirometry, maximal static inspiratory and expiratory pressures at the mouth. The subjects answered a questionnaire concerning sleep quality and tiredness. The prevalence of OSA was 15% (5/33) in this nonobese cervical cord injury study population. Nine percent of the subjects (3/33) ful®lled the criteria for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, but daytime sleepiness or fatigue were also common in subjects without OSA. There was an inverse correlation between oxygen desaturation index and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor score in the subjects with complete injury, while there was no such correlation in the whole study group. There were signi®cant correlations between maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures and vital capacity and between ASIA motor score and vital capacity.

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“…The most distinct features of OSA are episodes of oxyhemoglobin desaturations, which are terminated by brief periods of microarousals that could lead to sleep deprivation, fragmentation and alteration in sleep pattern [3] . During OSA, arterial O 2 saturation could drop to very low level (50%-60%) within every cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced deficits in synaptic plasticity and neurocognitive functions: a role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Xie

Yung

2012

Acta Pharmacol Sin

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is well known for its metabolic as well as neurobehavioral consequences. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a major component of OSA. In recent years, substantial advances have been made in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of chronic IH on neurocognitive functions, many of which are based on studies in animal models. A number of hypotheses have been put forward to explain chronic IH-induced neurological dysfunctions. Among these, the roles of oxidative stress and apoptosis-related neural injury are widely accepted. Here, focusing on results derived from animal studies, we highlight a possible role of reduced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in causing impairment in long-term synaptic plasticity and neurocognitive functions during chronic IH. The possible relationship between BDNF and previous findings on this subject will be elucidated.

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Pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnoea

Cited by 264 publications

References 148 publications

Developmental Changes in Pharyngeal Airway Depth and Hyoid Bone Position from Childhood to Young Adulthood

Developmental Changes in Pharyngeal Airway Depth and Hyoid Bone Position from Childhood to Young Adulthood

Obstructive sleep apneas in relation to severity of cervical spinal cord injury

Chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced deficits in synaptic plasticity and neurocognitive functions: a role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor

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