Pathophysiology of Olfactory Disorders and Potential Treatment Strategies

Goncalves, Stefania; Goldstein, Bradley J.

doi:10.1007/s40136-016-0113-5

Cited by 49 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…We can glean understanding from other respiratory viral infections, including other coronaviruses in particular. Anosmia can be broadly categorized into conductive or sensorineural olfactory loss ( Goncalves and Goldstein 2016 ). Conductive loss occurs due to impaired nasal airflow and is reversible when the obstruction clears; sensorineural loss implies dysfunction of the OE and can be permanent or have a longer time course to functional recovery.…”

Section: Possible Mechanisms Of Anosmia In Sars-cov-2 Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anosmia in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Significance

et al. 2020

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Abstract The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a challenge for prevention due to asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic patients. Anecdotal and preliminary evidence from multiple institutions shows that these patients present with a sudden onset of anosmia without rhinitis. We aim to review the pathophysiology of anosmia related to viral upper respiratory infections and the prognostic implications. Current evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2-related anosmia may be a new viral syndrome specific to COVID-19 and can be mediated by intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 into the olfactory neural circuitry. The clinical course of neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 is yet unclear; however, an extended follow-up of these patients to assess for neurological sequelae, including encephalitis, cerebrovascular accidents, and long-term neurodegenerative risk may be indicated.

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Section: Possible Mechanisms Of Anosmia In Sars-cov-2 Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anosmia in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Significance

et al. 2020

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“…Ciliary defects as result of genetic mutations in the Bardet-Biedl syndrome-gene family members (Kulaga et al, 2004;Iannaccone et al, 2005) or the gene Centrosomal protein 290 (McEwen et al, 2007) cause a complete loss of smell. Moreover, long-term exposure to xenobiotics or chemicals can cause a ciliopathy contributing to the decline in smell with aging (Goncalves and Goldstein, 2016). Furthermore, cilia have been implicated in retrograde transport of several virus species (adenovirus, herpesvirus, poliomyelitis, influenza A and rabies) to the brain (Doty, 2008;Mori et al, 2005) and ablation of the OE or olfactory bulb (OB) in experimental monkeys prevents the entry of the poliomyelitis virus in the CNS (Brodie and Elvidge, 1934).…”

Section: Olfactory Neuroepitheliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory dysfunction in the pathophysiological continuum of dementia

Bathini

Brai

Albèri

2019

Ageing Research Reviews

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A B S T R A C TSensory capacities like smell, taste, hearing, vision decline with aging, but increasing evidence show that sensory dysfunctions are one of the early signs diagnosing the conversion from physiological to pathological brain state. Smell loss represents the best characterized sense in clinical practice and is considered as one of the first preclinical signs of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, occurring a decade or more before the onset of cognitive and motor symptoms. Despite the numerous scientific reports and the adoption in clinical practice, the etiology of sensory damage as prodromal of dementia remains largely unexplored and more studies are needed to resolve the mechanisms underlying sensory network dysfunction. Although both cognitive and sensory domains are progressively affected, loss of sensory experience in early stages plays a major role in reducing the autonomy of demented people in their daily tasks or even possibly contributing to their cognitive decline. Interestingly, the chemosensory circuitry is devoid of a blood brain barrier, representing a vulnerable port of entry for neurotoxic species that can spread to the brain. Furthermore, the exposure of the olfactory system to the external environment make it more susceptible to mechanical injury and trauma, which can cause degenerative neuroinflammation. In this review, we will summarize several findings about chemosensory impairment signing the conversion from healthy to pathological brain aging and we will try to connect those observations to the promising research linking environmental influences to sporadic dementia. The scientific body of knowledge will support the use of chemosensory diagnostics in the presymptomatic stages of AD and other biomarkers with the scope of finding treatment strategies before the onset of the disease. ⁎

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“…A pre‐pandemic paper by Gonvalves and Goldstein stated that the most common causes of total loss of smell were after a virus or because of chronic rhinosinusitis. The authors added that other causes included nasal polyps, head trauma, cilia dysfunction and ageing 10 . An initial assessment of the COVID‐19 Anosmia Report Tool by Kaye et al 5 stated that changes in the sense of taste may be related to losing the sense of smell.…”

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confidence: 99%

An overview of smell and taste problems in paediatric COVID‐19 patients

et al. 2020

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At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, fever and respiratory symptoms were the indications for virus testing in our hospital. As data have continued to accumulate worldwide, gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiovascular, cutaneous and ocular symptoms have been reported for confirmed COVID-19 cases. There have been few case reports on problems with taste and smell in paediatric COVID-19. However, new symptoms can provide diagnostic and testing criteria for patients with no other clinical presentation, especially in older children. Conclusion: This paper looks at the taste and smell problems reported in paediatric patients and shares insights from our hospital.

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Pathophysiology of Olfactory Disorders and Potential Treatment Strategies

Cited by 49 publications

References 40 publications

Anosmia in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Significance

Anosmia in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Significance

Olfactory dysfunction in the pathophysiological continuum of dementia

An overview of smell and taste problems in paediatric COVID‐19 patients

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