Paths and determinants for Penicillium janthinellum to resist low and high copper

Abstract

Copper (Cu) tolerance was well understood in fungi yeasts but not in filamentous fungi. Filamentous fungi are eukaryotes but unlike eukaryotic fungi yeasts, which are a collection of various fungi that are maybe classified into different taxa but all characterized by growth as filamentous hyphae cells and with a complex morphology. The current knowledge of Cu resistance of filamentous fungi is still fragmental and therefore needs to be bridged. In this study, we characterized Cu resistance of Penicillium janthinellum strain GXCR and its Cu-resistance-decreasing mutants (EC-6 and UC-8), and conducted sequencing of a total of 6 transcriptomes from wild-type GXCR and mutant EC-6 grown under control and external Cu. Taken all the results together, Cu effects on the basal metabolism were directed to solute transport by two superfamilies of solute carrier and major facilitator, the buffering free CoA and Acyl-CoA pool in the peroxisome, F-type H + -transporting ATPases-based ATP production, V-type H + -transporting ATPases-based transmembrane transport, protein degradation, and alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs. Roles of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in resistance to low and high Cu were defined. The backbone paths, signaling systems, and determinants that involve resistance of filamentous fungi to high Cu were determined, discussed and outlined in a model.

A novel approach of utilization of the fungal conidia biomass to remove heavy metals from the aqueous solution through immobilization

“…The metal bioaccumulation by GXCR mycelia have well been documented in our previous study40. Taken together with the alive mycelia generated from PVA-SA-conidia beads even after four cycles of successive sorption/desorption of the beads (Fig.…”

A proteomic‐based investigation of potential copper‐responsive biomarkers: Proteins, conceptual networks, and metabolic pathways featuring Penicillium janthinellum from a heavy metal‐polluted ecological niche

“…Acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, a link between glycolysis and the TCA pathway, is a precursor that initiates fatty acid biosynthesis through acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, which is stimulated by citrate (Akram, ). Glycolysis (Figure a), the TCA (Figure a) and OP (Figure d) were all significantly impaired especially in mutant EC‐6 under high (3 mmol/L) Cu (Figures and ), coinciding with the differential expression of a large number of ATP production‐related genes (Xu et al., ). Additionally, Cu tolerance in both the mutant EC‐6 and WT strain GXCR was significantly increased under exogenous ATP (Figure a and b).…”

“…A similar result was obtained in another proteomic study of the yeast strain Rhodotorula mucilaginosa RCL‐11 under Cu stress (Irazusta et al., ). However, a large number of the mRNAs coding various cation transporter proteins was found in the large‐scale transcriptome sequencing of GXCR and EC‐6 under Cu stress (Xu et al., ). Proteins have a longer lifetime than mRNA (Ohno et al., ).…”

“…We previously isolated a multi‐HMs resistant Penicillium janthinellum strain GXCR from HM‐polluted mining sludge in a mining area in Guangxi, China, which was resistant to Cu at a concentration of at least 200 mmol/L (Wei, Tang, Liang, Huang, & Li, ). Subsequently, through joint mutagenesis, we obtained the Cu mutant EC‐6, which exhibited decreased Cu resistance and failed to grow at 40 mmol/L Cu (Xu, Chen, Sun, Fan, & Li, ).…”

Modulation of Plant and Fungal Gene Expression Upon Cd Exposure and Symbiosis in Ericoid Mycorrhizal Vaccinium myrtillus

“…The MFS, one of the largest families of membrane transporters, are permeases that move a wide variety of organic and inorganic molecules across biological membranes, such as amino acids, sugars, nitrate and phosphate (Yan, 2015). A role for the MFS in fungal metal tolerance was also reported by Majorel et al (2014) who suggest a role for a MFS permease in nickel resistance in the ECM fungus Pisolithus albus, and by Xu et al (2015), who reported for Penicillium janthinellum a crucial role of a MFS in the solute compartmentalization transport related to Cu resistance.…”