“…In the United States and internationally, empirical research strongly implicates parental rejection as a major predisposing factor in almost all forms of behavior problems. Cross-cultural evidence supporting this conclusion comes from Bahrain (Al-Falaij, 1991), mainland China (Chen, Greenberger, Lester, Dong, & Guo, 1998;Chen, Rubin, & Li, 1997), Croatia (Ajdukovic, 1990), Egypt (Salama, 1990), England (Farrington & Hawkins, 1991;Maughan, Pickles, & Quinton, 1995), Finland (Haapasalo & Virtanen, 1999), India (Saxena, 1992), Japan (Wagatsuma & De Vos, 1984), Norway (Pedersen, 1994), Pakistan (Rafail & Haque, 1999), and elsewhere. Many studies within the United States also support this conclusion both among middle-class and working-class European Americans and among African Americans, Chinese Americans, Hispanic Americans, and other ethnic groups where it has been studied (Cernkovich & Giordano, 1987;Chen et al, 1998;Florsheim, Tolan, & Gorman-Smith, 1996;Kay & Kay, 1986;Marcus & Gray, 1998;Rey & Plapp, 1990;Rothbaum & Weisz, 1994;Simons, Lin, & Gordon, 1998;Whitbeck, Hoyt, & Ackley, 1997).…”