Pathway of Centrifugal Fibres in the Human Optic Nerve, Chiasm, and Tract

Wolter, J Reimer; Knoblich, Roman

doi:10.1136/bjo.49.5.246

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The normal retinal response of pa tient 1 excludes the retina as the source of blindness and points towards the optic nerve. Similarly, the enhanced ERG of the affected eye in pa tient 2 is a phenomenon known to appear in cases of optic-nerve affection due to interruption of the centrifugal fibers within the optic nerve [D ieterle and Babel, 1955; J acobson and G e s ir in g , 1958; W olter and Knoblich, 1965;G ills, 1966;F einsod and A uerbach, 1969;F einsod and A uerbach, 1971].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological Examinations of the Visual System in the Acute Phase after Head Injury

Feinsod¹,

Auerbach²

1973

Eur Neurol

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Assessment of the function of the visual system in the acute phase after head injury is often difficult, since consciousness may be affected. In this report, we wish to stress that combined electroretinography and the averaged visual evoked potential should be the examinations of choice because they do not depend on the patient’s cooperation or state of consciousness. The case histories of five patients are reported. Only by means of the electrophysiological methods was a diagnosis made possible, since clinical examinations failed to clarify the state of their visual systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological Examinations of the Visual System in the Acute Phase after Head Injury

Feinsod¹,

Auerbach²

1973

Eur Neurol

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“…5) attributed to an abolition of a rivalry assumed to exist in the intact visual system between the increasing retinal sensitivity in the dark and an inhibitory influence on retinal activity by a negative feedback mechanism via efferent (centrifugal) fibers, whose existence in the human optic nerve was demonstrated by several authors (WOLTER, 1965;WOLTER & KNOBL1CH, 1965;HONRUBIA & ELLIO'rT, 1968).…”

Section: Fig 4 the Averaged Vep To Binocular (Upper Tracej And Monocmentioning

confidence: 93%

Enhanced retinal responses without signs of optic nerve involvement

1971

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Seven patients with low visual acuity displaying enhanced positive waves in retinal responses of normal shape and reduced or extinct visual evoked potentials were presented. None of these cases exhibited any sign of optic nerve affection and visual field defects nor any localizing neurological deficits. Conclusions drawn in an earlier report from similar electrophysiological findings but obtained in cases with optic nerve atrophy were applied here. On the basis of these findings, it is hypothesized that the enhanced ERG represents the result of an abolition of a physiological rivalry between the increasing retinal sensitivity in the dark and an inhibitory cerebral influence upon retinal activity exerted via efferent fibers in the optic nerve. The possible origins of this assumed negative feedback mechanism are discussed, though neither experimental facts nor speculation did provide a reasonable clue. An answer may be given by observing the patients during the following years and possibly by animal experiments.

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“…The existence of centrifugal fibers in birds has been well established (Miles, 1972a(Miles, , 1972b. Among mammals, there is evidence that centrifugal fibers exist in the optic nerve of mice (Goldberg & Galin, 1973), cats (Brook, Downer, & Powell, 1965;Granit, 1955Granit, , 1959Jacobson & Gestring, 1958;Spinelli, Pribram, & Weingarten, 1965), monkeys (Brook et aI., 1965;Jacobson & Gestring, 1958;Mirsky et aI., 1973;Nobak & Mettler, 1973), and humans (Honrubia & Elliott, 1968;Mirsky, 1978;Sacks & Lindenberg, 1969;Van Hasselt, 1972173;Wolter, 1965;Wolter & Lund, 1968). The results of the present study add another increment to the list.…”

Section: Retinal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since Cajal's early observations of efferent terminals in the retina (Polyak, 1957), numerous anatomical and physiological studies have provided supporting evidence for the existence of efferent fibers in the optic nerve and retina of vertebrates (Ogden, 1968;Van Hasselt, 1973), including humans (Honrubia & Elliott, 1968;Sacks & Lindenberg, 1969;Wolter, 1965;Wolter & Lund, 1968). Estimates of the relative number of efferents range from 1070 in birds (Cowan & Powell, 1963) to up to 10% in humans (Wolter & Lund, 1968) and other primates (Livingston, 1978).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Central neural influences on the human retina during selective attention

1983

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Two controversial issues were investigated. One concerned the question of whether cen· trifugal fibers project to the human retina, and the other, the question of whether precortical fil· ters which differentially transmit relevant and irrelevant information during selective attention exist. The issues were addressed jointly by studying the effects of selective attention on evoked responses obtained from the retina and over the occipital cortex. Selective attention was manipulated by requiring subjects to respond to stimuli presented at various locations in the visual field while attempting to ignore stimuli presented at other locations. Retinal responses to stimuli presented at attended to locations were found to be larger than those at unattended to locations. A similar result was obtained for responses recorded over the occipital cortex. The results are interpreted as follows: (1) They support the hypothesis that sustained voluntary at· tention to specific locations in space is mediated, at least partly, by centrally controlled cen· trifugal pathways which differentially modify synaptic transmission at a precortical level; (2) such differential alteration can occur as far peripherally as the retina; and (3) such alteration at the retinal level necessarily requires the existence of centrifugal optic nerve fibers. The results are discussed within the context of existing evidence bearing on the issues.

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Pathway of Centrifugal Fibres in the Human Optic Nerve, Chiasm, and Tract

Cited by 38 publications

References 8 publications

Electrophysiological Examinations of the Visual System in the Acute Phase after Head Injury

Electrophysiological Examinations of the Visual System in the Acute Phase after Head Injury

Enhanced retinal responses without signs of optic nerve involvement

Central neural influences on the human retina during selective attention

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