“…In low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries (LICs and LMICs), including in sub‐Saharan Africa, South East Asia, and Latin America, patient's ability to self‐manage or cope with the chronic disease vary but may often be influenced by internal factors, including spirituality, belief system, religiosity and external factors, including appropriate knowledge of the disease, poverty, family support system, and one's grit and social relations network. The support system comprising healthcare providers and caregivers plays a crucial role as most patients rely on them in making decisions and for the necessary adjustments in their health behaviour (Angwenyi et al, 2018). In LIC regions, where there are often a relatively low number of physicians and even lower number of kidney care providers per population, especially in rural areas, a stepwise approach can involve local and national stakeholders, including both nongovernmental organisations and government agencies by (1) extending kidney patient education in rural areas, (2) adapting telehealth technologies if feasible to educate patients and train local community kidney care providers and (3) implementing effective retention strategies for rural kidney health providers, including adapting career plans and competitive incentives.…”