Patients with Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis are Characterized by Striking Change of Iron and Oxidized Glutathione Status in Nonlesional Area of the Skin

Kaur, Sirje; Zilmer, Mihkel; Eisen, Maigi; Kullisaar, Tiiu; Rehema, Aune; Vihalemm, Tiiu

doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01374.x

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…According to Forslind et al [11], high iron concentrations were present in the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum layers of AD skin. This observation has recently been confirmed by Kaur et al [12], who have shown that there is a high iron content in the skin of patients with contact dermatitis. Although Forslind et al [11] and Kaur et al [12]have not determined iron in the dermis layer, our results are in a good agreement with their data.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

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High Iron and Low Ascorbic Acid Concentrations in the Dermis of Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Lévêque¹,

Robin²,

Muret³

et al. 2003

Dermatology

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Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be involved. Iron catalyses ROS formation and ascorbic acid (AA) scavenges these species. Objective: The aim of this work was to determine iron and AA levels in AD patients’ dermis and to compare their concentrations with those of healthy volunteers’ dermis. Methods: Five AD patients and 5 healthy subjects (controls) were enrolled in this study. Iron and AA were collected from human dermis by microdialysis and assessed by atomic absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. Results: The AD dermis demonstrated higher iron concentrations (44.3 ± 4.6 µg/l) compared to controls (21.8 ± 1.2 µg/l) as well as a significantly lower concentration of AA (46.7 ± 0.6 vs. 176.8 ± 14.5 µg/ml, respectively). Conclusion: These results suggest that iron and AA dermis levels could be indicators of inflammatory tissues and might be implicated in dermatological diseases such as AD.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Biopsies, which are invasive techniques, were used by Forslind et al [11]and Kaur et al [12]to collect iron from human skin. The microdialysis method offers two major advantages compared to biopsies: microdialysis is only slightly invasive and, in addition, does not collect proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Iron and Low Ascorbic Acid Concentrations in the Dermis of Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Lévêque¹,

Robin²,

Muret³

et al. 2003

Dermatology

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“…GSSG is toxic and in normal circumstances GSSG/GSH ratio in the cells is kept very low, i.e. < 0.01 in erythrocytes [24], and close to 1:10 in the skin [25][26][27]. Increased glutathione redox ratio refers to insufficient redox-control over prooxidative mecha nisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful management of mild atopic dermatitis in adults with probiotics and emollients

et al. 2008

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AbstractAtopic dermatitis is characterized by impaired skin and mucous membrane barrier function. Measures improving barrier integrity decrease the influence of environmental factors that might exacerbate inflammation. Ten adult patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis consumed for three months fermented with potent antioxidative probiotic, L. fermentum ME-3 (DSM 14241) goat milk 200 mg/day. A control group consisted of six patients, not supplemented by probiotic. All patients used emollients regularly. Skin iron levels, glutathione redox ratios (GSSG/GSH), diene conjugate (DC) amounts, blood glutathione status, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), and total antioxidativity was measured at the baseline and after three months. A significant decrease in skin iron levels, DC amounts, and glutathione redox ratio occurred in the probiotic-supplemented group compared to the control group (P < 0.05 for all indices). In the same group, blood levels of oxLDL decreased (p < 0.05), and GSH levels increased (P < 0.001) with concomitant improvement in the GSSG/GSH ratio. Blood antioxidativity markers also showed an improvement. The results of our study demonstrate that regular use of probiotics with antioxidative properties coupled with the use of lipid-containing emollients considerably decreases inflammation and concomitant oxidative stress in adult patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. This effect was observed both in the skin and in the blood.

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“…Nevertheless, several previously published data indicate that antioxidants are significantly and quantitatively modified by the application of irritants or allergens (7)(8)19).…”

Section: Fig2bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of Enzymatic Antioxidants Activities in Mononuclear Cells and Skin Reactivity to Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate

Camera

Lisby

Dell’Anna

et al. 2003

Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol

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Chemical irritants are able to produce several biological modifications of the skin, including the direct or indirect production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species leading to an inflammatory reaction. This report examines the existence of a possible correlation between the skin sensitivity to the irritant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and the activity of the enzymatic antioxidants. In twenty-three healthy subjects the evaluation of the epidermal and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) activities of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (Cat) demonstrate a significant correlation (r= 0,85 and p< 0,005 for SOD, and r= 0,87 and p< 0,0001 for Cat). Based on this result, on a further group of normal subjects (n=13) we studied the link between the threshold dose of skin reactivity to SDS and the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants in PBMCs. The degree of skin modification induced by SDS, applied at different concentrations for 24 hrs, was determined by means of Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL), Erythemal Index or by Visual Score (VS). The minimal dose of the irritant capable of inducing skin modifications, was significantly correlated with SOD (r=0,77) and Cat (r=0,81) activities in PBMCs, and the modification ofTEWL or EI were inversely correlated with levels of antioxidants in PBMCs (r=-0,62 for SOD and r=-0,66 for Cat). Our results indicate that the skin reactivity to irritants can be modulated by the levels of antioxidants, and suggest a possible therapeutical approach in preventing irritant contact dermatitis.The skin represents the borderline between the body and the environment and is continuously exposed to several physical and chemical oxidative stimuli. Against the oxidative stress the skin is armed with a complex system of antioxidants, including both low molecular weight substances and enzymatic networks. The antioxidant enzymes (glutathione reductase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, etc) interact with the low molecular weight substances (vitamin E, vitamin C, glutathione, ubiquinol, ascorbate) giving a sophisticated defence system able to ensure the physiological cellular activity (1). The ability to counteract dangerous stimuli derives from the optimal equilibrium between the different antioxidants. For example, ubiquinol-IO recycles a-tocopherol whereas glutathione reduces the oxidized form of ascorbate (2). Moreover, the antioxidant defence system is involved at different levels, including prevention, interception, and repair of oxidative stress-induced damage. Firstly, the skin buffers the oxidative insult by scavenging the reactive oxygen species (i.e. by means of Catalase and Superoxide dismutase). Subsequently, lipoperoxidative processes can be prevented by antioxidants, such as tocopherols and l3-carotene. Finally, the damaged proteins, lipids and DNA can be repaired by several enzymatic systems: the lipid hydroperoxides are released from phospholipids by phospholipases and the free hydroperoxides are reduced by glutathione peroxidase; thioredoxin/thioredoxin reduc...

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Patients with Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis are Characterized by Striking Change of Iron and Oxidized Glutathione Status in Nonlesional Area of the Skin

Cited by 33 publications

References 31 publications

High Iron and Low Ascorbic Acid Concentrations in the Dermis of Atopic Dermatitis Patients

High Iron and Low Ascorbic Acid Concentrations in the Dermis of Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Successful management of mild atopic dermatitis in adults with probiotics and emollients

Levels of Enzymatic Antioxidants Activities in Mononuclear Cells and Skin Reactivity to Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate

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